Ch. 1-3, 6 Flashcards
What is Biology
the science of life ( the study of living things)
What constant source of energy makes living systems complex
the Sun
All of life functions because of
the principles of chemistry and physics
What are the characteristics of all living organisms
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Sensitivity to environment
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
What is Cellular organization in organisms
all living organisms consist of one or more very tiny cells that carry out basic activities of living, and is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings
What is Ordered complexity in organisms
all living things are both complex and highly ordered. The body being composed of many different kinds of cells each containing many complex molecular structures.
What is Sensitivity in organisms
all organisms respond to stimuli
ex: plant grows toward a source of light and the pupils of your eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room
What is Growth, Development, and Reproduction in organisms
all organisms are capable of growing and reproducing ad they all posses hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring ensuring that the offspring are of the same species
What is Energy Utilization in organisms
all organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work.
ex: every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from your diet
What is Homeostasis in organisms
al organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment
ex: your body temperature remains stable despite change in outside temperatures
What is Evolutionary Adaptation in organisms
all organisms interact with other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival and as a consequence organisms evolve to their environment
What is the hierarchy of the cellular level
atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell
What is the hierarchy of the organismal level
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the hierarchy of the population level
population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere
What is the hierarchy of biological organization all together
atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere
What are emergent properties
the many interactions occurring at lower levels of the hierarchy that can produce novel properties
Each level of organization has
emergent properties
Life is an
emergent property
Types of Scientific Inquiry
Discovery Science
Correlative Science
Experimental Science
What is discovery science
new species, genome sequences (descriptive)
What is correlative science
type pf study that tests for a relationship between a condition and a potential causal factor of the condition
correlation does not equal causation
What is experimental Science
hypothesis driven, and carefully designed experiments
What is a hypothesis
a possible explanation for an observation
can be tested through experiments
What is a theory
explanation for some natural phenomenon often based on some general principle
Life is subject to
chemical and physical laws
Chemical properties such as
molecular bondig
Physical properties such as
thermodynamics being key to determining factors of biological systems
Core concepts in biology are
Evolution
Structure and function
Information flow, exchange, and storage
Pathways and transformations of energy & matter
Systems
Evolution
the diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, selection, and genetic change
Structure and function
basic units of structure define the function of all living things
Information flow, exchange, and storage
the growth and behavior pf organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information in context
Pathways and transformations of energy & matter
biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics
Systems
living systems are interconnected and interacting
What is matter
any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space
All matter is composed of
atoms
What are atoms
the building blocks of matter and the smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element
What is the orbiting cloud of subatomic particles called
electrons
Electrons are
negatively charged particles
found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
At the center of each atom is a small dense nucleus formed by two other kinds of subatomic particles called
protons and neutrons
Protons are
positively charged particles
located in the nucleus
Neutrons are
neutral particles
located in the nucleus
What is another word for dehydration reaction
Polymerization
Something that binds to an active site to undergo a chemical reaction
substrate
What reaction occurs when delta(triangle) G= -
exergonic- spontaneous
products have less free energy than reactants
Linking many molecules together creates what
polymer
Where only an inhibitor can bind
allosteric site
What reaction occurs when Delta (triangle) G= +
endergonic-not spontaneous
products have more free energy than reactants
How are most polymers formed or linked together
dehydration reaction
Covalent bond that holds amino acids together
polypeptide bond
Main purpose of glucose
energy storage
Energy releasing from a reaction
exergonic
Polymer of a protein
polypeptide chain
Where a substrate or inhibitor binds
active site
Main purpose of cellulose
structural support
What is the linkage between two monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
What carb has a modified glucose
chitin
Breaking down of a protein
denaturation
Why is ATP full of energy
phosphate groups
Monomer of a protein
amino acid
Same carbon skeleton but groups are arranged differently
stereoisomer
What is the formula for finding the molar ration of a carb
(CH2O)n
Carbs are made out of what 3 elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is the ratio for a carb
1:2:1
Different carbon skeleton
structural isomer
The total energy in a molecule or the bonds
enthalpy
Energy of movement
kinetic energy
Protein that reduces activation energy
enzyme
Why are carbs good for energy storage and structural support
covalent bonds
Simplest form of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
When breaking apart long polymer chains, what reaction is that called
hydrolysis
Energy currency of all living things
ATP
Protein structure that only has an amino acid sequence
primary
S substance that binds to a enzyme to increase or decrease activity
inhibitor
Reduces activation energy
catalysis
Entropy is the measurement of
disorder
Protein structure that only has hydrogen bonding
secondary
What reaction is spontaneous
exergonic
Stored energy
potential energy
What determines function
structure
Protein structure with more than one polypeptide chain
quaternary
Protein structure with 3-D shape
tertiary
How many monomers are in 1 disaccharide
2
What is thermodynamics
the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes
What is energy
the capacity to do work ( or cause change or supply heat)
Heat is the
most convenient way of measuring energy
If an object has a low temperature
its molecules are moving slowly
perceived cold
If an object has a high temperature
its molecules are moving rapidly
perceived as hot
First law of thermodynamics states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed
-energy can only change from one form to another
-total amount of energy in the universe remains constant
-during each conversion, some energy is lost as heat
-energy available in the universe to do work decreases as more of it is progressively lost as heat
Second law of thermodynamics states that
entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing
-energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stale form to a less order/ more stable form
-when the universe formed, it held all the potential energy it will ever have, has become progressively more disordered ever since
Disorder happens
spontaneously
Organization requires
energy
More disorder=
higher entropy
More order=
lower entropy
Chemical equilibrium ( delta G=0)
forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate
quantities of reactants and products remain constant
Endergonic reactions
require energy or heat to proceed
not spontaneous
Delta G>0
Exergonic reactions
release energy or heat
are spontaneous
Delta G<0
Chemical reactions are spontaneous if
they proceed without any continuous external influence
no added energy is needed
Spontaneity of a reaction is determined by what two factors
the amount of potential energy: products have less potential energy than the reactants
the degree of order: products are less ordered than the reactants
G stands for
energy available to do work ( Gibbs free energy)
G=
Delta H- T Delta S
H=
enthalpy, total energy contained in a molecules chemical bond
T=
absolute temperature (Kelvin)
S=
entropy, unavailable energy
Delta G= change in free energy
G products - G reactants
