Ch. 1-3, 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biology

A

the science of life ( the study of living things)

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2
Q

What constant source of energy makes living systems complex

A

the Sun

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2
Q

All of life functions because of

A

the principles of chemistry and physics

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of all living organisms

A

Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Sensitivity to environment
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation

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4
Q

What is Cellular organization in organisms

A

all living organisms consist of one or more very tiny cells that carry out basic activities of living, and is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings

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4
Q

What is Ordered complexity in organisms

A

all living things are both complex and highly ordered. The body being composed of many different kinds of cells each containing many complex molecular structures.

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4
Q

What is Sensitivity in organisms

A

all organisms respond to stimuli
ex: plant grows toward a source of light and the pupils of your eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room

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5
Q

What is Growth, Development, and Reproduction in organisms

A

all organisms are capable of growing and reproducing ad they all posses hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring ensuring that the offspring are of the same species

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6
Q

What is Energy Utilization in organisms

A

all organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work.
ex: every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from your diet

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6
Q

What is Homeostasis in organisms

A

al organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment
ex: your body temperature remains stable despite change in outside temperatures

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7
Q

What is Evolutionary Adaptation in organisms

A

all organisms interact with other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival and as a consequence organisms evolve to their environment

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8
Q

What is the hierarchy of the cellular level

A

atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

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9
Q

What is the hierarchy of the organismal level

A

tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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9
Q

What is the hierarchy of the population level

A

population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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10
Q

What is the hierarchy of biological organization all together

A

atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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11
Q

What are emergent properties

A

the many interactions occurring at lower levels of the hierarchy that can produce novel properties

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12
Q

Each level of organization has

A

emergent properties

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13
Q

Life is an

A

emergent property

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14
Q

Types of Scientific Inquiry

A

Discovery Science
Correlative Science
Experimental Science

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14
Q

What is discovery science

A

new species, genome sequences (descriptive)

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14
Q

What is correlative science

A

type pf study that tests for a relationship between a condition and a potential causal factor of the condition
correlation does not equal causation

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15
Q

What is experimental Science

A

hypothesis driven, and carefully designed experiments

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16
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

a possible explanation for an observation
can be tested through experiments

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17
Q

What is a theory

A

explanation for some natural phenomenon often based on some general principle

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17
Q

Life is subject to

A

chemical and physical laws

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18
Q

Chemical properties such as

A

molecular bondig

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18
Q

Physical properties such as

A

thermodynamics being key to determining factors of biological systems

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18
Q

Core concepts in biology are

A

Evolution
Structure and function
Information flow, exchange, and storage
Pathways and transformations of energy & matter
Systems

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19
Q

Evolution

A

the diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, selection, and genetic change

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19
Q

Structure and function

A

basic units of structure define the function of all living things

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20
Q

Information flow, exchange, and storage

A

the growth and behavior pf organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information in context

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21
Q

Pathways and transformations of energy & matter

A

biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics

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21
Q

Systems

A

living systems are interconnected and interacting

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22
Q

What is matter

A

any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space

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23
Q

All matter is composed of

A

atoms

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24
Q

What are atoms

A

the building blocks of matter and the smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element

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25
Q

What is the orbiting cloud of subatomic particles called

A

electrons

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25
Q

Electrons are

A

negatively charged particles
found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

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26
Q

At the center of each atom is a small dense nucleus formed by two other kinds of subatomic particles called

A

protons and neutrons

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27
Q

Protons are

A

positively charged particles
located in the nucleus

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28
Q

Neutrons are

A

neutral particles
located in the nucleus

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29
Q

What is another word for dehydration reaction

A

Polymerization

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29
Q

Something that binds to an active site to undergo a chemical reaction

A

substrate

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30
Q

What reaction occurs when delta(triangle) G= -

A

exergonic- spontaneous

products have less free energy than reactants

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31
Q

Linking many molecules together creates what

A

polymer

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32
Q

Where only an inhibitor can bind

A

allosteric site

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33
Q

What reaction occurs when Delta (triangle) G= +

A

endergonic-not spontaneous

products have more free energy than reactants

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34
Q

How are most polymers formed or linked together

A

dehydration reaction

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35
Q

Covalent bond that holds amino acids together

A

polypeptide bond

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35
Q

Main purpose of glucose

A

energy storage

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36
Q

Energy releasing from a reaction

A

exergonic

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37
Q

Polymer of a protein

A

polypeptide chain

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38
Q

Where a substrate or inhibitor binds

A

active site

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39
Q

Main purpose of cellulose

A

structural support

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40
Q

What is the linkage between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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41
Q

What carb has a modified glucose

A

chitin

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42
Q

Breaking down of a protein

A

denaturation

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43
Q

Why is ATP full of energy

A

phosphate groups

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44
Q

Monomer of a protein

A

amino acid

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45
Q

Same carbon skeleton but groups are arranged differently

A

stereoisomer

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46
Q

What is the formula for finding the molar ration of a carb

A

(CH2O)n

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47
Q

Carbs are made out of what 3 elements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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48
Q

What is the ratio for a carb

A

1:2:1

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49
Q

Different carbon skeleton

A

structural isomer

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50
Q

The total energy in a molecule or the bonds

A

enthalpy

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51
Q

Energy of movement

A

kinetic energy

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52
Q

Protein that reduces activation energy

A

enzyme

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52
Q

Why are carbs good for energy storage and structural support

A

covalent bonds

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52
Q

Simplest form of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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53
Q

When breaking apart long polymer chains, what reaction is that called

A

hydrolysis

54
Q

Energy currency of all living things

A

ATP

55
Q

Protein structure that only has an amino acid sequence

A

primary

56
Q

S substance that binds to a enzyme to increase or decrease activity

A

inhibitor

57
Q

Reduces activation energy

A

catalysis

58
Q

Entropy is the measurement of

A

disorder

59
Q

Protein structure that only has hydrogen bonding

A

secondary

60
Q

What reaction is spontaneous

A

exergonic

60
Q

Stored energy

A

potential energy

61
Q

What determines function

A

structure

62
Q

Protein structure with more than one polypeptide chain

A

quaternary

63
Q

Protein structure with 3-D shape

A

tertiary

64
Q

How many monomers are in 1 disaccharide

A

2

65
Q

What is thermodynamics

A

the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

66
Q

What is energy

A

the capacity to do work ( or cause change or supply heat)

67
Q

Heat is the

A

most convenient way of measuring energy

68
Q

If an object has a low temperature

A

its molecules are moving slowly
perceived cold

68
Q

If an object has a high temperature

A

its molecules are moving rapidly
perceived as hot

69
Q

First law of thermodynamics states that

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

-energy can only change from one form to another

-total amount of energy in the universe remains constant

-during each conversion, some energy is lost as heat

-energy available in the universe to do work decreases as more of it is progressively lost as heat

70
Q

Second law of thermodynamics states that

A

entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing

-energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stale form to a less order/ more stable form

-when the universe formed, it held all the potential energy it will ever have, has become progressively more disordered ever since

71
Q

Disorder happens

A

spontaneously

72
Q

Organization requires

A

energy

73
Q

More disorder=

A

higher entropy

74
Q

More order=

A

lower entropy

75
Q

Chemical equilibrium ( delta G=0)

A

forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate

quantities of reactants and products remain constant

76
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

require energy or heat to proceed
not spontaneous

Delta G>0

77
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy or heat
are spontaneous
Delta G<0

78
Q

Chemical reactions are spontaneous if

A

they proceed without any continuous external influence

no added energy is needed

79
Q

Spontaneity of a reaction is determined by what two factors

A

the amount of potential energy: products have less potential energy than the reactants

the degree of order: products are less ordered than the reactants

80
Q

G stands for

A

energy available to do work ( Gibbs free energy)

81
Q

G=

A

Delta H- T Delta S

82
Q

H=

A

enthalpy, total energy contained in a molecules chemical bond

83
Q

T=

A

absolute temperature (Kelvin)

84
Q

S=

A

entropy, unavailable energy

85
Q

Delta G= change in free energy

A

G products - G reactants

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