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510 Ch 1 & 3 > CH 1 & 3 > Flashcards

CH 1 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotic

A

bacteria: contain DNA and/or RNA and ribosomes

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2
Q

eukaryotic

A

DNA enclosed in nucleus
contain organelles beyond ribosomes; endomembrane organelles and mitochondria

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3
Q

nuclear membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

A
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4
Q

nuclear pores

A

movement into and out of nucleus

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5
Q

vesicles

A

transport

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6
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles with digestive enzymes
digests and recycles

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7
Q

autophagy

A

self eating

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8
Q

peroxisomes

A

vesicles with oxidative enzymes
contain hydrogen peroxide H2O2
detoxify compounds and fatty acids

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9
Q

oxidation

A

using oxygen to remove hydrogen from a substrate
H2O2 + R1H2 –> R1 + 2H2O

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10
Q

catalase

A

enzyme that catalyzes peroxidative reaction to protect against excess hydrogen peroxide
2H2O2 –> 2H2O + O2

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11
Q

cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments

A

structure, intracellular transport, cell movement

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12
Q

mechanotransduction: making something different

A

translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals
allows cell to adapt to surroundings

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13
Q

central dogma

A

DNA transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein

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14
Q

transcription

A

DNA nucleotide is copied into RNA nucleotide

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15
Q

translation

A

RNA nucleotide code is translated into amino acids

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16
Q

golgi apparatus

A

finishes proteins

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17
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes lipids/steroids

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18
Q

membrane proteins

A

give membrane selective function

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19
Q

recognition/receptor

A

signaling to activate response to ligand binding

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20
Q

pores/channels

A

transport charged particles

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21
Q

enzyme pumps and active transport pumps

A

Na/K ATPase

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22
Q

enzyme catalysts

A

metabolic chemical reactions

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23
Q

cell surface markers

A

immune system recognition

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24
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

attach extracellular matrix; contribute to cell shape

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25
Q

collagen

A

tensile strength and resistance to stress

26
Q

elastin

A

stretching and recoiling ex. lungs

27
Q

fibronectin: glycoprotein

A

cell adhesion

28
Q

cell junctions

A

join cells and allow communication

29
Q

tight junctions

A

barrier to unregulated diffusion

30
Q

desmosomes

A

provide strong mechanical attachments

31
Q

gap junction

A

clusters of tunnels all for communication and coordination

32
Q

mitochondria

A

conduct cellular respiration for atp
double membrane
have own DNA

33
Q

glycolysis

A

occurs in cytoplasm

34
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

converting ADP to ATP using the energy carried from glucose via NADH and FADH2
-O used to neutralize the released H to form water

35
Q

anabolism

A

using simple molecules to build complex ones, require energy

36
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones, release energy as bonds are broken

37
Q

ATP replenishing

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Energy + Pi + ADP –> ATP

38
Q

glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2(net) ATP + 2NADH

39
Q

net output krebs cycle

A

2 ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, and 4CO2

40
Q

any O2 needed in krebs cycle comes from water NOT breathing

A
41
Q

electron transport chain

A

uses oxidative phosphorylation to create ATP

42
Q

NADH and FADH2 are B derived vitamins and carry H to ETC inner membrane proteins

A

B deficiency causes energy deficiency

43
Q

ETC

A
  1. H is pumped into intermembrane space
  2. H diffuses down its concentration gradient through ATPase synthase to form ATP
  3. inhaled O2 is uses to form water in matrix
44
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

less ATP
Pyruvate + H –> lactic acid
Reversible when oxygen supplies are replenished
Increased tissue lactic acid may therefore indicate tissue hypoxia

45
Q

Passive transport

A

no energy required (down concentration gradient)

46
Q

Active transport

A

requires ATP (against concentration gradient)

47
Q

diffusion

A

movement down concentration gradient across permeable membrane
passive

48
Q

simple diffusion

A

directly across membrane

49
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

through a pore or channel
may be impacted by charge

50
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water down concentration gradient
high solutes to high solutes

51
Q

osmotic pressure

A

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

52
Q

tonicity

A

physiological osmolality

53
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

pull water out of cell

54
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

pull water into cell
–hydrostatic pressure results in filtration (pushing water adn solutes across membrane)

55
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

56
Q

endocytosis

A

large movement into cell by section of cell membrane folding in

57
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of large quantities

58
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of small quantities

59
Q

exocytosis

A

movement out of cell (large)

60
Q

endosomes

A

regulate/manage ligand distributing

61
Q

exosomes

A

small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin
cell signaling, immune system activation, facilitation of cancer metastasis

510 Ch 1 & 3 (1 decks)

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