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Archaeology > ch. 1 > Flashcards

ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

application of anthropological knowledge, theory and methods to the solution of specific societal problems

A

applied anthropology

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2
Q

comparing similar things in different groups to look for similarities and differences

A

comparative method

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3
Q

rules, standards, and norms shared by a society. is transmitted by learning. largely responsible for human behavior.

A

culture

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4
Q

A member of the genus Homo and especially of the species H. sapiens, A person

A

homo sapiens

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5
Q

study of the biological and cultural factors that affect health disease and sickness

A

medical anthropology

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6
Q

accepted principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of secure knowledge. Established

A

scientific approach

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7
Q

a group of people who occupy a specific locality, share common cultural traditions, and cooperate for their mutual survival

A

society

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8
Q

study of life ways of people from the past through the retrieval and analyzing the material remains of past cultures
The branch of anthropology that studies to attempt to understand the cultures of the past

A

archaeology

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9
Q

sturdy of contemporary cultures and the attempt to understand the general underlying patterns of all human cultures

A

cultural anthropology

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10
Q

viewing a question from the broadest possible perspective

looking for multiple variables to explain the observed phenomenon

A

holism

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11
Q

the branch of anthropology which is particularly concerned with language and how different sorts of communication are related to other aspects of culture

A

linguistic anthropology

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12
Q

attempts to understand what it means to be human from an evolutionary and biological perspective

A

physical anthropology

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13
Q

a group of interrelated and independent parts forming a whole

A

systems

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14
Q 
emphasis on culture
holistic perspective 
emphasis on systems 
comparative method 
scientific approach
A

shared theoretical concepts

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15
Q

an organized and specific way of asking and trying to answer questions about an understanding the natural world

A

science

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16
Q

The study of antiquities largely for the sake of the objects themselves and not to understand the people or the cultures that produce them

A

antiquarianism

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17
Q

an anthropological research orientation first introduced by Marvin Harris

A

cultural materialism

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18
Q

The act, manner, or practice of managing; handling, supervision, or control

A

management

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19
Q

The period demonstrates the maturation of anthropological archeology with construction for workable models explain culture processes, research that emphasizes the experimental and far ranging topics of interest

A

explanatory period

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20
Q

The last part of the stone age (the New)

A

neolithic

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21
Q

A paradigm that focuses on the humanistic approaches and rejects scientific objectivity; it sees archeology as inherently political and more concerned with interpreting the past than testing hypotheses

A

postprocessual archaeology

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22
Q

a site’s physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediment in two layers, or strata

A

stratigraphic

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23
Q

anything made, modified, or transported by humans and can provide information about behavior of the past

A

artifacts

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24
Q

?

A

cultural chronology

25
Q

?

A

cultural relativism

26
Q

the study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated into archeological record

A

ethnoarchaeology

27
Q

The act or process of excavating

A

excavation

28
Q

logical process of inducing general conditions of a whole set of cases from particular circumstances of
one or a few

A

inductive reasoning

29
Q

Hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them.

A

middle level theory

30
Q

An occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses.

A

phenomenon

31
Q

is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment

A

cultural ecology

32
Q

is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

A

cultural relativism

33
Q

Primary research interest was in the documentation of traits of different cultural via collection, classification, and description of cultural remains

A

descriptive period

34
Q

Continuation of descriptive studies but now also concerned with chronological order of archeology cultures

A

historical period

35
Q

Of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning with the earliest chipped stone tools, about 750,000 years ago, until the beginning of the Mesolithic Period, about 15,000 years ago.

A

paleolithic

36
Q

A black basalt stone tablet found in 1799 that bear inscriptions in two forms of ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian

A

Rosetta stone

37
Q

a paradigm holding that human culture is the expression of unconscious models of thought and reasoning, nobility binary oppositions. Is most closely associated with the French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss

A

structuralism

38
Q

?

A

chronometric date

39
Q

the systematic description of a culture based on direct, first hand observation and often participation

A

ethnography

40
Q

Logical process of deducing the circumstances of particular cases
from conditions specified by general theories

A

deductive reasoning

41
Q

A tentative explanation of some phenomenon or related phenomena

A

hypothesis

42
Q

A customary manner of living; a way of life

A

lifeways

43
Q

Theory
that seeks to answer large “why”
questions

A

High-level theory

44
Q

History of humankind in the period before recorded history.

A

Prehistory

45
Q

?

A

cultural evolution

46
Q

The spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations within a community or from one community to another.

A

diffusion

47
Q

Physical material within which artifacts are embedded or supported

A

matrix

48
Q

an approach that stresses the dynamic relationship between social and economic aspects of culture and the environment as the basis for understanding the process of culture change.
Tends to emphasize scientific method

A

Processual archaeology

49
Q

Period in which basic perceptions of the world and how it works were undergoing fundamental changes

A

speculative period

50
Q

The science that deals with the determination of dates and the sequence of events.

A

chronology

51
Q

study and interpretation of ancient inscriptions

A

epigraphy

52
Q

systematic and comparative study of culture, including modern and past cultures.

A

ethnology

53
Q

illustrations based on stylized symbolic forms; study and interpretation of such images

A

iconography

54
Q

The observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field-work

A

low-level theory

55
Q

The overarching framework, often unstated, for understanding a research problem. Its a researcher’s “culture”

A

paradigms

56
Q

Scientific explanation of the world that has been widely tested and accepted as more useful than other competing explanations

A

theory

57
Q

Relying upon or gained from

experience or direct observation

A

empirical

58
Q

A continuing intellectual dialogue in which thinkers strive for increased understanding.

A

Dialectic

59
Q

General set of ideas and observations
accepted by most trained
practitioners of a particular field of
science, at a given point in time

A

Scientific paradigm

Archaeology (1 decks)

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