Ch. 1 & 2 Vocab

Question 1

The idea that living species are decedents of ancestral species that are different from present day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

The scientific study of life.

Answer 2

biology

Question 3

New properties that arise with each step up in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangements and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Answer 3

emergent properties

Question 4

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus, an membrane enclosed organelles.

Answer 4

eukaryotic cell

Question 5

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.

Answer 5

prokaryotic cell

Question 6

A double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous base.

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

A discrete unit of heritary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA.

Answer 7

genes

Question 8

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete compeltement of an organism or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.

Answer 8

genome

Question 9

A process in which organism’s with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other characteristics.

Answer 9

natural selection

Question 10

Recorded observation.

Answer 10

data

Question 11

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Answer 11

inductive reasoning

Question 12

A tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope then a theory and subject to testing.

Answer 12

hypothesis

Question 13

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

Answer 13

deductive reasoning

Question 14

An experiment in which a controlled group is compared with an experimental group which varies only in the factors being tested.

Answer 14

controlled experiment

Question 15

An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypothesizes, and is supported by a large body of evidence.

Answer 15

theory

Question 16

A representation of a theory or process.

Answer 16

models

Question 17

The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.

Answer 17

technology

Question 18

any substance that can not be broken down into any other substance by chemical reactions.

Answer 18

element

Question 19

A substance of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Answer 19

compound

Question 20

An element indispensible for life, but required in extremely minute amounts.

Answer 20

trace elements

Question 21

The smallest unit of matter that remains the properties of an element.

Answer 21

atom

Question 22

A subatomic particle having no electrical charge, with a mas of about 1.7x10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 22

neutrons

Question 23

A subatomic particle with a single positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 23

protons

Question 24

A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. One or more of them move around the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 24

electrons

Question 25

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

Answer 25

mass number

Question 26

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique to each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

Answer 26

atomic number

Question 27

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number or protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing the atomic mass.

Answer 27

isotopes

Question 28

An isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.

Answer 28

radioactive isotope

Question 29

An electron in the outermost electron shell.

Answer 29

valence electrons

Question 30

The three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.

Answer 30

orbital

Question 31

A strong type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

Answer 31

covalent bonds

Question 32

A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.

Answer 32

structural formula

Question 33

A type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them.

Answer 33

molecular formula

Question 34

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Answer 34

molecule

Question 35

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity.

Answer 35

polar covalent bond

Question 36

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

Answer 36

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 37

A starting material in a chemical reaction.

Answer 37

reactants

Question 38

A material resulting from a chemical reaction.

Answer 38

products

Question 39

The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.

Answer 39

chemical equilibrium