Ch. 1,2,7,8 & 9 Flashcards
Dependent Variable
The observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables
Errors in experiments
Instrumental error(lack of calibration) Personal error(inaccurate observations) Sampling error(sample size 2 small or not random) Replication error(lack of consistency & accuracy) Experimental Design Measurement error(lack of accuracy & precision)
Qualitative observation
Described by words or terms rather than #s and including subjective descriptions in terms of variables such as color, shape, smell; often recorded using terms, photographs, or drawings
Quantitative observations
Numerical values derived from counts or measurements of a variable; frequently require some kind of instrument use in recording
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids (CLPN)
Organic Molecule- Carbs
Made of: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Monomer: Monosaccharides
Ex: Glucose
Function: livings things main source of energy
Organic Molecule- Lipid
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and small amount of oxygen
Monomer: Fatty acids & glycerol
*water-insoluble (fats and oils)
Saturated & unsaturated
Provides insulation, stores energy, cushions internal organs,found in membranes
Organic molecule- Proteins
Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Monomer: amino acid held by peptide bonds
Function: Control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form important cell structures, transport materials in/out the cell, to help fight disease, can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components
Organic molecule- Nucleic Acid
Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Monomer: Nucleotide
Ex: Rna, DNA
*directs the instruction of proteins
*genetic info an organism receives from its parents
Chloroplast
Capture solar energy for photosynthesis
Golgi Body
Package, distribute products
Lysosomes
Digests excess products and food particles
Mitochondria
Transform energy through respiration
Nucleus
Contains DNA which controls cellular activities
Ribosome
Produce proteins
Vacuole
Store substances
Cell (plasma) membrane
Phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis
Cell wall
Rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant & bacteria cells)
Cytoplasm
Fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound organelles that perform various reactions
Endoplamic Reticulum
Site of chemical reactions
* Rough ER & Smooth ER*
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes
Smooth ER
Lipid production
Cytoskeleton
Provides internal structure
Microfilaments
Fibers
Microtubules
Cylinders
Unicellular
Organism that exists as a singular, independent cell
Multicellular
Organism that exists as specialized groups of cells; cells are organized into tissues that perform that same function, tissues form organs and organs make up an organ system
Prokaryotes
Has nuclear material in the center of the cell, but doesn’t have a nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria
Eukaryotes
Contains a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelle; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Independent Variable
A manipulated variable in an experiment or study whose presence or degree determines the change in the dependent variable
Cell Theory
1) The cell is the basic unit of life
2) All organisms are composed of cells
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells
Passive transport
Movement of substances across the plasma membrane w/out the use of the cell’s energy
Diffusion
A type of passive transport; movement of substances across the membrane from an area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
Osmosis
Type of passive transport; diffusion of water across the membrane from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
Type of passive transport; a carrier molecule embedded in the membrane transports a substance across the membrane following the high-to-low concentration gradient
Active transport
Movement of substances across the membrane that requires the use of the cells energy and carrier molecules; substances are moving from an area of low-to-high concentration(against concentration gradient)
Endocytosis
Large particles are brought into the cell
Exocytosis
Large particles leave the cell
Homeostasis
Internal equilibrium; the membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell; a selectively permeable membrane only allows certain substances to pass through
Hypotonic
Water moves in; cell bursts
Hypertonic
Water moves out; cell shrivels
Isotonic
No net movement; cell maintains equilibrium
