CH 1, 2 & 5 Flashcards
ANDROCENTRIC
Male Centred
SEMECA FALLS (1848)
Rejected the doctrine of female inferiority then taught by academics and clergy.
Liberal Feminism
Women are entitled to full legal and social equality with men and who fairs changes in laws, customs and values to achieve the goal of equality.
Radical Feminism
Emphasizes male control and domination of women throughout history.
Separatism
Women can escape patriarchy only by creating their own woman-only communities.
Womanism (cultural)
Focuses on issues of importance to minority communities: poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education.
Conservatism
Seek to keep gender arrangements as they have been much of the past, with men holding more public power and status.
Pro-Feminist
Men who believe that this term acknowledges women’s leadership of the feminist movement and express their understanding that women and men have different experiences of gender.
Feminism
A movement to end sexism and sexist oppression.
Feminist
An individual who holds the beliefs that women are valuable and that social change to benefit women is needed.
Global Feminism
Prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures.
Sex
Biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function.
Gender
The traits that make up masculinity and femininity.
Power
The ability to control the outcomes of others by providing or withholding resources.
Status
Social standing that elicits respect.
Patriarchal
“Ruled by the fathers”
Legitimizing Myths
Attitudes, values and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchical social practices.
Prejudice
Negative attitude or feeling toward a person because of his or her membership in particular social group.
Sexism
Prejudice on the basis of sex or gender.
Heterosexism
Negative attitudes and beliefs about lesbian, gay, transgendered, and bisexual people.
Discrimination
Treating people unfairly because of their membership in particular group.
Biological Determinism
The idea that gender is determined by biological features.
Social Constructivism
Gender is a creation of culture
Out-group homogeneity Effect
People tend to characterize out group members as being all alike and having similar qualities.
Self-Presentation
Acting out a selfie response to the expectations of others
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Expectations can make the expected events come true.
Intrusive Interruptions
The kind of interruption that are active attempts to end the other steamers turn and take over the conversation.
Double Blinds
Damned if you do, Damned if you don’t — Situation
Gender management Strategies
Ways of behaving that are aimed at softening a woman’s impact, reassuring others that she is not threatening and displaying niceness as well as (not too much) competence.
Gender Typing
Women and men come to accept gender distinctions visible at the social structural level and enacted at the interpersonal level as part of the self-concept.
Gender-Typed
Individuals become this when they ascribe to themselves the traits, behaviours and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture.
Ambivalent Sexism
Men who endorse both hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.
Benevolent Sexism
Emphasis that women are special beings to be cherished and protected.
Hostile Sexism
Women are inferior and they are threatening to take over men’s rightful dominance.
Gender Normative (cisgender)
Refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their gender identity and expression.
Gender Fluidity
Conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender expression, with interests and behaviours that may even change from day to day.
Linguistic Sexism
Inequitable treatment of women and men that is built into the language.
Gender Stereotypes
Networks of related beliefs that reflect the common “wisdom” of men and women.
Sexual Objectification
When women’s bodies are sexualized in media, the women themselves are often reduced to those bodies or even just parts of them.
Schema
Mental Framework.
Stereotype Threat
When people know that there is a negative stereotype about their groups abilities, the pressure caused by their fear of confirming the stereotype can interfere with their performance.
Faceism
Measured as the proportion of the overall image devoted to the face it is typically a mans face that is more focussed on in media.
Objectification Theory
Explains that in sexually objectifying culture, girls and women learn to “internalize an observers perspective as a primary view of their physical selves.
Behavioural Confirmation
Suggests that when higher power people interact with lower power people about whom they hold stereotypes they may intentionally or unintentionally treat those people in ways that actually elicit stereotype-consistent behaviours even when the stereotype is inaccurate.
Gender-Marked
Terms that are always prefaced by “women” if is something being done by women but never prefaced by men because it is seen normal for men to do it.
For Example: Stewardess - Implies that the server is female.
Stereotypes
Theories that people carry around in their heads about how members of a particular group think, look, and behave, and how these attributes are linked.
Body Image
The mental picture one has of ones appearance and the associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness of ones body.
Social Comparison Process
Idealized beauty images make women feel bad because their own appearance suffers by comparison.
Feminist Language Reform
Efforts to eliminate gender bias in the structure, content, and usage of language and to provide non sexist alternatives.
Similarities Tradition
Claims that women and men are very much alike in intelligence, personality abilities and goals.
Differences Tradition
Claims that there are fundamental differences between women and men that should be recognized and honoured.
Confounding
The effects of two or more variables are mixed, and it becomes impossible to decide which variable is causing experimental effects.
Meta-Analysis
Uses quantitative methods to summarize the results of research done by different people at different times.
Moderator Variable
A variable that interacts with another variable to change its effect.
Variability Hypothesis
It was asserted that men, as a group are more variable — in other words although men and women may be similar on average there are more men at the extremes of human behaviour.
Female under-prediction effect
Compromises women’s right to equal education; usually talking about expecting lower scores on tests from women.
Female Under-prediction effect
Compromises women’s right to equal education, usually talking about expecting lower scores on tests from women.
Decoding Ability
Women are somewhat more skilled at recognizing emotions expressed by others.
Sexual Differentiation
Genetic, hormonal and anatomical components that develop gradually before birth.
Autonomies
22 Paris of non-sex chromosomes inherited by each human being.
Sex Chromosomes
One pair of chromosomes usually called X and Y chromosomes.
Females chromosomes
- has two X chromosomes XX
Males Chromosomes
Has one X and one Y chromosome XY
Gonads
Gene that stimulates the embryonic sex glands development. They then develop into testes.
Testes
Pair of male sex glands that begin producing sperm starting at puberty.
When does testes develop?
- Develops at about the sixth week of pregnancy.
Dihydrotestoster One
Androgen that stimulates the growth of the penis and the formation of testicles.
MIH
Mullerian Duct Inhibiting Hormone.
Mullerian Duct inhibiting hormone
Prevents the internal embryonic structures from developing into female organs.
What happens to the gonads in female fetuses?
- Gonads develop into ovaries
Ovaries
Pair of female sex glands containing eggs.
Estrogens
Steroid hormones produced by the ovaries.
What female structures form before the ovaries are formed?
-Vagina, labia, and clitoris.
Assigned Sex
Label of female or male given to a baby base on the appearance of its genitals.
Intersexuality
Number of specific variations on the theme of biological sex.
Intersected Individuals
People with any of these variations - variations of the theme biological sex.
Klinefelter’s Sydndrome
XXY chromosomal irregularity in men that causes them to have a less masculine physique and appearance.
Complete androgen insensitivity Syndrome
Conditions in which androgens fail to prompt development of male reproductive structures.
Turners Syndrome
Missing sex chromosomes.
- Fetus with this condition lacks androgens and estrogens during development and does not develop complete internal reproductive structures.
Hermaphrodites
Historical Label for people with sexually ambiguous bodies.
Partial Androgen
Causes an ambiguous sex organ externally, which could be classified as either a large clitoris or small penis.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Genetically inherited malfunction of one or more of the enzymes needed to make the steroid hormone cortisol
Core Gender Identity
Fundamental sense fo belonging to a biological sex.
Transgender
General term referring to a variety of gender variant identities.
Gender Dysphoria
Official psychiatric category for those individuals who experience a disjunction between their assigned sex and their core gender identity.
Gender Affirmation Surgery
Surgery to change genital anatomy and secondary sex characteristics to conform to gender identity.
Sexual Orientation
Multidimensional concept involving erotic attraction, affection all relationships, sexual behaviour, erotic fantasies and emotional attachments.
Social Construction
Assumptions underlying our common sense beliefs about sex are products of a specific culture, not universal or fixed truths about nature..
Optimal Gender
Criteria for best fit flexible, reproductive potential, sexual function, appearance, and the person core gender identity needed to be considered.
Hijra or Aravanis in India
Third sex or third nature people who are neither men nor women, adopts female names and clothes, but they differ from women by behaviour and their non-childbearing status.
Fa’afafine in Samoa
Translates as “in the way of a woman”
Biological males who dress and behave as women and take up women’s tasks such as caregiving and teaching
-Treated like women in social interactions, and they are clearly differentiated from biological women and men.
Berdache in North American Indian Culture
- Third sex category also called two-spirit people
- Biological males who dress as women and adopt flexible gender roles.
Pledged virgin in the Balkans or former Yugoslavia and Albania
- Third Sex category for women
- Non Sexual
- Involvers adopting the men’s role when there is no man available
- No longer considered or treated as a woman.
Genderqueer
People whose gender identities are neither exclusively male nor female bu instead are outside the gender binary. Also referred to as:
- Gender Expansive
- Non- Binary
- Agender
Genderfluid
Person who moves between genders or whose gender fluctuates and changes across time.
Transphobia or genderism
Negative attitudes toward gender-variant people are prevalent and a threat to the to safety of transgender.
Transphobia or Genderism
Negative attitude toward gender-variant people are prevalent and a threat to the safety of transgender individuals.
