Ch. 1,2,3,7,8

Question 1

Experiment (3)

Answer 1

1. Only research method that determines cause and effect.
2. must use random assignment.
3. Must have two or more identical conditions with 1 different element. Ex. Does caffeine improve memory?

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

cause and effect statement (what you think causes something to occur). Ex. I think caffeine causes memory to improve.

Question 3

Independent Variable

Answer 3

What you think causes the effect. Ex. Caffeine

Question 4

Dependent variable

Answer 4

What you think is effected. Ex. Memory

Question 5

Experimental Condition

Answer 5

The one with the independent variable

Question 6

Control Condition

Answer 6

the one without the independent variable

Question 7

Random Assignment

Answer 7

1. Creates equal conditions or groups with large enough samples. Ex. Group 1 has the same average reading speed as Group 2 if randomly assigned.
2. You can NOT assign. groups according to a characteristic Ex. Gender, Race, Personality -there will be far to many variables to account and control for. You can never run an experiment that asks Ex. Being a woman causes you to… Being a man causes you to … Being African American causes you to…

Question 8

Prediction vs. Hindsight

Answer 8

In order to have a legitimate theory you must be able to make reasonably accurate predictions of what will happen in a study BEFORE the data are in. Explaining something after the results are in explains nothing.

Question 9

Replication

Answer 9

If a study can be replicated, the more confidence we have that it reflects a genuine relationship. Reliable studies have to be replicated and have the same results.

Question 10

Trait Theory (4)

Answer 10

1. Describe Personality but they can NOT explain why = No Therapy (can not help to change a behavior if the therapist can not describe or determine cause of behavior)
2. Assessment: Only PH.D’s can assess personality (They are not explaining the cause of behavior or personality).
3. Biological Basis: Traits have a biological factor, traits are universal due to similar biological make-up and is seen across gender, race, culture.

Question 11

Gordon Allport (5)

Answer 11

1. Central Traits 5-10
2. With brother Flloyd wrote a personality assessment book in 1921
3. 1924: First personality college course
4. Did not think traits were universal, thought they were specific to individual people
5. Studied people in depth individual and concluded most people could be described in 5-10 traits.

Question 12

Henry Murray (4)

Answer 12

1. 27 psychogenic needs
2. Hunted universal traits (Studied 50 upper middle class male Harvard students)
3. 27 psychogenic needs: 3 still used today (Need for Achievement, Affiliation and Power)
4. TAT: looking at pictures and telling a story about it

Question 13

Raymond Cattell (3)

Answer 13

1. Factor analysis and 16 SourceTraits / 16PF
2. Used STATs to find universal personality traits (First to use STATs)
3. Used to asses and describe NOT explain

Question 14

Hans Eysenck

Answer 14

3 super Traits, Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

Question 15

Robert McCrae & Paul Costa (3)

Answer 15

1. Big 5 personality traits: OCEAN
2. Universal: Studied around the world
3. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism