Ch 1,2,3,5,6 Flashcards
What makes up the DIKW paradigm?
Data, knowledge, wisdom.
EHR
Electronic health record
The term used to describe the science of information management in healthcare?
Informatics
_______ is composed of data that was processed using ______.
Information, knowledge
For information to be _________, it must be accessible, accurate, timely, complete, cost effective, flexible, reliable, relevant, simple, verifiable, and secure
Valuable
What is knowledge dissemination?
Sharing of information/knowledge
This leads to further processing, generating, and then disseminating knowledge?
Knowledge acquisition
Bytes(data), knowledge acquisition, knowledge generation, and knowledge dissemination, make up this model? As well as feedback
Foundation of knowledge model
What are healthcare workers?
Knowledge workers
Those who work with information and generate information and knowledge as a product.
Knowledge workers
To have ongoing value, knowledge must be?
Viable
_________ is the application of knowledge to an appropriate situation?
Wisdom
How is wisdom developed?
Knowledge, experience, insight, and reflection
What is thought of as the highest form of common sense?
Wisdom
Are knowledge and wisdom synonymous?
No. wisdom is more about one persons mind versus knowledge is based off of many peoples thoughts and information
CIS
Clinical information system
This provides opportunities to explore large amounts of data to look for patterns in the data as a way to evaluate or inform practice.
Data mining
This demonstrates efficiency.
Competency
Competencies allow us to understand our _______ and ______.
Strengths and weaknesses
AHIMA-AMIA task force identified 5 domains of informatic competencies for health care workers.
I. Health information literacy and skills
II. Health informatics skills using the EHR
III. Privacy and confidentiality of health information
IV. Health information/data technical security
V. Basic computer literacy skills
EHR is divided into six levels of competency.
Personal effectiveness, academic competencies, workplace competencies, industry wide technical competencies, industry sector technical competencies, and management competencies.
What issues/concerns arise with health care information?
Ownership, access, disclosures, exchange, security, privacy, disposal, and dissemination
What is the HiTech act of 2014?
The deadline for implementing EHR’s, yet most institutions continue to struggle with the implementation and or use of their EHR
What is one of the main issues/concerns with information technology?
How health care information is managed to make it meaningful
_____ are raw facts
Data
____________ is processed data that have meaning
Information
Examples of types of data:
Alphabet, numeric, audio, image, and video data
The ________ and __________ of data is what matters not the form.
Integrity and quality
____________ refers to whole, complete, correct, and consistent data
Integrity
How can data integrity be compromised?
Human error, viruses, worms, or other computer bugs, hardware failures or crashes, transmission errors, or hackers entering the system.
User interface?
Helps people input data correctly
When is data considered dirty?
When a data base contains errors, such as duplicate, incomplete, or outdated records.
To be valuable and meaningful, information must be?
Of good quality
Characteristic of valuable quality information:
Accessibility Secure Timely Accurate Relevant Complete Flexible Reliable Objective Utility Transparency Verifiable Reproducible
Why is security a major challenge?
Because unauthorized users must be blocked while authorized users are provided with easy open access
Relevant information is a ____________ descriptor in that the user must have the information that is relevant or applicable to his or her needs.
Subjective
_________ information contains all the necessary essential data
Complete
________ information is as close to truth as one can get, it is not subjective or biased, but is factual and impartial
Objective
___________ refers to the ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose.
Utility
________ allows user to apply their intellect to accomplish their tasks while the tools housing their information disappears.
Transparency
__________ is acquired either by actively looking for it or by having it conveyed by the environment
Information
_______ is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision
Knowledge
Information science has evolved over the last 50yrs and is composed of:
Cognitive science Communication science Computer science Library science Social sciences
What is information science systematically based in?
Based in the big picture rather than individual pieces of technology
What can information science be related to?
Determinism: the belief that technology develops by its own laws, that it realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available and must be regarded as an autonomous system
______ ________ is an interdisciplinary people oriented field that explores and enhances the interchange of information to transform society
Information science
What is society dominated by?
The need for information and knowledge and information science focuses on systems and individual users by fostering user centered approaches
Information science enables the ________ of information
Processing
Humans are __________ information systems
Organic
________ is data processed using knowledge
Information
The knowledge used to develop and glean knowledge from valuable information is _____________
Generative
___________ is the ability to originate and produce or generate
Generative
Knowledge represent 5 rights:
Right information Accessible by the right people Right setting Applied the right way Right time
An important and ongoing process is the struggle to integrate _____ knowledge and ______ knowledge to enhance wisdom.
New, old
If clinicians are inundated with data without the ability to process it, the situation results in ?
Too much data and too little wisdom
This science originated as a sub discipline of computer science as practitioners struggled to understand and rationalize the management of technology with in an organization.
Information science
Information science has brought benefits but also new risks:
Glitches and loss of information
Hackers who steal identities and information
Interdepartmental sharing and information exchange is different and a hinderance is known as?
Interoperability
CIO, CTO
Chief information officer
Chief technical officer
_______ is focused on the organizational based scientific and technical issues and is responsible for technical research and development as part of the organizations products and services
Chief technical officer
CBI
Computer based information systems
Information services are only as functional as the:
Decision making capabilities
Problem solving skills
Program potency
Input or data _______, is the activity of collecting and acquiring raw data
Acquisition
Examples of input devices:
Hardware
Software
Telecommunications
__________ the retrieval, analysis, or synthesis of data
Processing
output or _________ produces helpful or useful information that can be in the form of reports, documents, summaries, alerts, or outcomes
Dissemination
________ are designed to inform and generally tailored to to the context of a given situation or user or user groups
Reports
__________ represent information that can be printed, saved, emailed or otherwise shared or displayed
Documents
__________condensed versions to highlight the major points
Summaries
_______ are warnings, feedbackor additoinal information necessary to assist the user in interacting with the system
Alerts
________ are the expected results of inputs and processing
Outcomes
_________ or responses or reactions to the inputting, processing, and outputs
Feedback
What has computer technology ushered in?
Information age
Computers are _____-____ systems
Input, output
When was the first computer invented
1940s
PDA
Personal digital assistant
Most computers are based on scientist ____ ___ ____ model of processor memory input output architecture
John Von Neumann
What is the brain of the computer?
Central processing unit (CPU)
_____ memory is extremely quick memory that holds whatever data and codes are being used at any one time
Cache
MHz
Megahertz
What is the central nervous system of the computer?
Mother board
RAM
Random access memory
_____ memory is a special type of memory that is stored on the hard disk to provide temporary data storage so data can be swapped in and out of the RAM as needed
Virtual
____ connects to a printer (ports)
Parallel
____ connects to an external modem
Serial
____ connects to myriad plug in devices such as portable flash drives digital cameras
USB
The _____ ____ converts digital data into an analog signal that’s then output to the computers speakers or headphones
Sound card
What’s the smallest possible chunk of data memory used in the computer processing and is depicted as either a 1 or a 0
Bit
This is a chunk of memory that consists of 8 bits , considered the best way to indicate computer memory or storage capacity
Byte
4 categories if software:
OS software
Productivity software
Creativity software
Communication software
Examples of open source productivity software
Open office
Koffice
What is the most important software on any computer?
OS
6 basic processes for OS tasks:
Memory management Device management Processor management Storage management Application interface User interface
Design goals for for microsoft windows
Portability Security Portable operating system in interface for unix Multiprocessor support Extensibility Compatibility
Examples of input devices:
Keyboard Mouse Joysticks Game controllers Pads webcams Stylus Image scanners Digital cameras
What’s the second most used input device
Mouse
The ______ the refresh rate, the cleaner and clearer the image on the screen because the monitor refreshes the screen contents more frequently
Faster
What’s the most commonly used output devices?
Printers
Speakers
Portable disc drives
This is known as penal law
Criminal law
A _____ is any social harm defined and punishable by law
Crime
What is the fourth of four basic building blocks used to understand informatics?
Cognitive science
Who coined the term cognitive science?
Christopher Longuet-Higgins
This is a component of cognitive science and uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to explain human intellectual abilities
Connectionism
According to Holt, there are two competing traditions concerning the ultimate source of our knowledge
Empiricism and rationalism
This is based on the knowledge being derived from experiences or senses
Empiricism
This contends that some of our knowledge is derived from reason alone and that reason plays an important role in the acquisition of all of our knowledge
Rationalism
Empiricist do not recognize ____ _____
Innate knowledge
There are 3 sources of knowledge
Instinct
Reason
Intuition
This is a way of acquiring knowledge that cannot be obtained by inference, deduction, observation, reason, analysis, or experience
Intuition
This is the process of acquiring knowledge about the environment or situation by obtaining, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information from seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling
Perception
This is a science that deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration: the science of formal principles of reasoning
Logic
This is the study of nature and origin of knowledge, what it means to know
Epistemology
_____ entails knowing when and how to apply knowledge
Wisdom
CI
Cognitive informatics
The field of ___ _____ deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies
Artificial intelligence
When was AI founded?
1950s
This is a process of systematically examine varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong.
Ethics
The study and formulation of health care ethics
Bioethics
These arise when moral issues raise questions that cannot be answered with simple, clearly defined rule, fact, or authoritative view
Ethical dilemmas
These are the social views of what’s right and wrong
Morals
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm
8 standards for the ethical development of health related internet sites:
Candor Honesty Quality Informed consent Privacy Professionalism Responsible partnering Accountability
Hippocrates tradition emphasized what?
Duty, virtue, gentlemanly conduct
This arose as society became more heterogeneous and members began experiencing a diversity of incompatible beliefs and values, it emerged as a foundation for ethical decision making
Principlism
This refers to an individuals freedom from controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choices
Autonomy
This asserts obligation not to inflict harm intentionally and forms the framework for the standard of care to be met by any professional
Nonmaleficence
Refers to actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others
Beneficence
Refers to fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to a person
Justice
_____ is a case based ethical reasoning methods that analyze the facts of a case in a sound, logical, and ordered or structured manner
Casuistry
This is any characteristic or disposition desired in others or oneself
Virtues
Plato emphasized 4 cardinal virtues
Wisdom
Courage
Self-control
Justice
