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Psychology Of Adjustment > Ch. 1, 2, 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

is the science that studies behavior and the psychological and mental processes that underline it, and it is the profession that applies of the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Is any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.

A

Behavior

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3
Q

Refers to the psychological process through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

A

Adjustment

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4
Q

Is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

A

Empiricism

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5
Q

Is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

A

Clinical psychology

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6
Q

Is a research method in which the investigator manipulates one (independent) variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second (dependent) variable as a result

A

Experiment

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7
Q

Is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

A

Independent variable

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8
Q

Is the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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9
Q

_____________ Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

A

experimental group

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10
Q

______________ consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group

A

The control group

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11
Q

Exists when two variables are related to each other

A

Correlation

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12
Q

A numerical index of the degree of relationship that exists between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

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13
Q

refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment

A

Experimental design

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14
Q

The entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the study findings

A

Population

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15
Q

the selected elements (people or objects) chosen for participation in a study; people are referred to as subjects or participants from a the general population

A

Sample

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16
Q

The more we’ve got, the more we achieve, the less we feel satisfied and successful. is an approach that aims to advance the general field of psychology and treatment. Choice overload undermines individuals happiness

A

Paradox Psychology

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17
Q

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the _____ variable and observed weather changes occur in a ______ variable as a result

A

Independent, dependent

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18
Q

People don’t know that they are in a _____

A

Blind Study

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19
Q

The researcher doesn’t know when they are in a study

A

Double-blind study

20
Q
A

The scientific approach

21
Q

Messed with your results

A

Confoud

22
Q
  1. hypothesis
  2. collect data
  3. statistical analysis
  4. Repeat
A

Scientific approach

23
Q

Two kinds of relationships can be described by a correlation. A positive correlation indicates that two variables co-very in the same direction. This means that high score on variable x are associated with high scores on viable y and that low scores on variable X are associated with low scores on variable y.

A

**Correlation research

24
Q

Is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

A

**Classical conditioning

25
Q

Example: Suppose Adam has a psychology class with Professor Smith, who is determined to teach him about classical conditioning. In the first class, Professor Smith whips out a revolver and shoots it into the air. The revolver is loaded with blanks, but when Adam hears the loud bang, he cringes out of surprise. Professor Smith repeats this action several times during the class. By the end of the hour, Adam cringes as soon as she whips out the revolver, expecting a bang. He cringes even if she doesn’t shoot. In this scenario, the unconditioned stimulus is the bang, the unconditioned response is cringing, the conditioned stimulus is the revolver, and the conditioned response is cringing.

A

**Classical conditioning

26
Q

_____________ strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values, such as by seeing the humor in a situation.

A

**Appraisal-focused

27
Q

Detecting and distributing negative self talk.

Rational thinking

Using positive reinterpretation

Finding humor in the situation

Turning to religion

A

** appraisal-focused strategies

28
Q

Is a model of the bodies stress response, consisting of three stages.

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion.

A

**The General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

29
Q

Alarm Stage - provides a burst of energy. (walking in the night and a cat jumping in front of you and scaring you)

Resistance Stage - the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. (after the cat jumped out and scared you, you stay alert and try to adapt to the situation)

Exhaustion Stage - energy is depleted. (after your body has tried to adapt to the high levels of aderline to stay alert, if you continue over a certain period then you may collapse from exhaustion)

A

***G.A.S

General adaptation syndrome

30
Q

O.C.E.A.N

(5 personalilty traits)

A

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

31
Q

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

A

O.C.E.A.N

(5 personalilty traits)

32
Q

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock.

A

Operant Conditioning

33
Q

is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers:

A

Reinforcement

34
Q

are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward.

A

Positive reinforcers

35
Q

involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.

A

Negative reinforcers

36
Q

You can do it

A

Self efficacy

37
Q

refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

A

Self-efficacy

38
Q

____- air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep.

____- protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.

______- friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships.

_____- achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others.

______- realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

A
  1. Biological and Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Love and belongingness needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Self-Actualization needs
39
Q
A

Hierarchy of needs five-stage model

40
Q
A
  1. Superego

__________________________

  1. Ego
  2. ID
41
Q

________is the most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person becomes tense or anxious.

______deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially acceptable in the world. This may mean delaying gratification, and helping to get rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is not met right away. The ego recognizes that other people have needs and wants too, and that being selfish is not always good for us in the long run.

_______develops last, and is based on morals and judgments about right and wrong. Even though the superego and the ego may reach the same decision about something, the superego’s reason for that decision is more based on moral values, while the ego’s decision is based more on what others will think or what the consequences of an action could be.

A
  1. The id
  2. The ego
  3. The superego
42
Q

Some people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on to the next. One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which case there is frustration. Or possibly the person’s needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which there is overindulgence.

Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.

Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual’s libido has been permanently ‘invested’ in a particular stage of his development. It is assumed that some libido is permanently invested in each psychosexual stage and thus each person will behave in some ways that are characteristic of infancy, or early childhood.

A

Frustration, Overindulgence and Fixation

43
Q

One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which case there is _____

Or possibly the person’s needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which there is _________

_______refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual’s libido has been permanently ‘invested’ in a particular stage of his development.

A
  1. frustration
  2. Overindulgence
  3. Fixation
44
Q

7 major sources of stress

A
  1. Acute stressors (short lasting)
  2. Chronic stressors (no clear end point)
  3. anticipatory stressors (upcoming)
  4. frustration (blocked from goal)
  5. internal conflict (debate with yourself)
  6. Life changes (moving)
  7. pressure (preform or conform)
45
Q
  1. Acute stressors (short lasting)
  2. Chronic stressors (no clear end point)
  3. anticipatory stressors (upcoming)
  4. frustration (blocked from goal)
  5. internal conflict (debate with yourself)
  6. Life changes (moving)
  7. pressure (preform or conform)
A

7 major sources of stress

46
Q

Approach = approach (Choice must be made between two attractive goals)

avoidance = avoidance (A choice must be made between two unattractive goals)

approach = avoidance (A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattracted aspects)

A
  1. internal conflict (debate with yourself)

Psychology Of Adjustment (1 decks)

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