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Methods of Testing Psychology > CH 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

CH 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a test?

A
  1. A test is a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior, and predict behavior. (Example: spelling test –> measures how well someone spells)
  2. A test has items, as item is a stimulus that a person responds to, the response is scored (Example: graded on a scale)
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2
Q

What is a psychological test?

A

a set of items designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior

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3
Q

Overt Behavior

A

behavior that is observable

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4
Q

Covert Behavior

A

takes place within an individual, can’t be observed (feelings, thoughts)

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5
Q

Individual Test

A

test given to one person at a time

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6
Q

Group Test

A

test given to more than one person at a time by a test examiner

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7
Q

Achievement Test

A

measures previously learned material (Example: how many answers you get right on a math test)

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8
Q

Aptitude Test

A

potential for learning specific skills, it predicts results

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9
Q

Intelligence Test

A

person’s general potential to solve problems, think critically

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10
Q

Human Ability

A

overlap of the main three tests, achievement, aptitude, intelligence

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11
Q

Personality Test

A

measures and individual typical behavior, several types of personality tests (Examples: projective, structured)

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12
Q

Projective Personality Test

A

stimulus (test material) or the required response are ambiguous (Examples: Rorschach test –> stimulus is an inkblot –> alternative responses)

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13
Q

Structured Personality Test

A

in the form of “self-report” , has specific items

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14
Q

Psychological Testing

A

multiple uses, application, underlying concepts of psychological and educational tests. main use to evaluate individual differences (Example: IQ test assumed high IQ score higher intelligence, those with low IQ score have lower intelligence)

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15
Q

Principles

A

the basic concepts and fundamental ideas that underlie all psychological and educational tests

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16
Q

Reliability

A

accuracy, dependability, and consistency of test results. refer to the degree a test is error-free.

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17
Q

Validity

A

the usefulness of test results. interpretation of the test if it is appropriate.

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18
Q

What is an application of psychological testing?

A

interview: gathering information through verbal interactions using direct questions.

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19
Q

Chinese Testing

A

China had sophisticated service testing programs, oral examinations were given to help determine work evaluations.

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20
Q

What were the Chinese special testing booths?

A

Special testing booths –> national testing program –> those who did well received more opportunities than those who scored lower

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21
Q

Who was Charles Darwin? What was his theory? What did he believe?

A
  1. the person that contributed to understanding individual differences
  2. Darwins theory: higher forms of life evolved because of differences among individual forms of life in a species, individual members of a species differ.
  3. Survival of the fittest
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22
Q

Who was Francis Galton? What did he believe?

A
  1. he applied Darwin’s theories to the study of human beings.
  2. used concepts of “survival of the fittest” to show that some people had characteristics that made them fitter to live than others
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23
Q

Binet-Intelligence Test

A
  1. the tests are instructive, and the first version was the Binet-Simon Scale
  2. contained 30 items that increased in difficulty and were designed to identify intellectual subnormal individuals.
  3. original sample consisted of 50 children, given the test under standard conditions
  4. Binet scale also determined mental age
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24
Q

Mental Age

A

your age mentally, measurement of a child’s performance on a test in comparison to other children their biological age. (Example: a child takes a test –> performance of a typical 8-year-old child –> child mental age is 8)

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25
Q

What is the USA version Binet- Simon Scale?

A

Standard Binet Intelligence Scale

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26
Q

Who was David Wechsler? What did he do?

A
  1. published the first version of the Wechsler intelligence scales
  2. The Weschler-Bellevue Intelligence: contained several innovations in intelligence testing
  3. His test included nonverbal scale that overcame weakness of the Binet test.
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27
Q

Representative Sample

A

one that compromises individuals like those for whom the test is to be used, test is used for the general population, and must reflect all segments of the population.

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28
Q

What was the importance of WWI to testing?

A
  1. WWI created a demand for large-scale group testing because few trained personnel could evaluate the influx of military recruits.
  2. Huge growth of psychological testing and growth of applied psychology.
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29
Q

Who was Robert Yerkes? What did he do during WWI?

A
  1. President of the American Psychological Association
  2. Yerkes headed to psychologists who developed two structured group tests of human abilities: Amry Alpha and Army Beta
  3. Army Alpha: required reading ability, Army Beta: measured intelligence of illiterate adults
30
Q

What did WWI help develop?

A

helped developed groups test, and broadened the scope of testing to achievement, aptitude, interest, and personality tests.

31
Q

Personality Tests

A

measured stable characteristics or traits that underlie behavior

32
Q

Traits

A

tendencies to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance that distinguishes one individual from another.

33
Q

Thematic Apperception of Test

A

used to measure human needs and certain individual differences in motivation.

34
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

use methods to determine the meaning of a test response helped revolutionize structured personality tests. research argued that the test could only be determined by empirical research. MMPI led to factor analysis.

35
Q

Factor Analysis

A

method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes) which are called factors

36
Q

Why do we need statistics?

A

used for the purpose, numbers to provide summaries and allow us to evaluate observations directly

37
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information

38
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as a sample to a larger population

39
Q

Properties of Scales

A

Magnitude, equal intervals, absolute 0

40
Q

Magnitude

A

property of “moreness”. a scale has the property of it we can say that a particular instance of the attribute represents more, less, equal amounts of the given quanity

41
Q

Equal Interval

A

the scale has the property of equal intervals if the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units. (Example: the difference between inches 2 and 4 is the same difference between inches 10 and 12; 2 inches)

42
Q

Absolute 0

A

obtained when nothing of the property is being measured exists.

43
Q

Nominal Scale

A

name objects, used when data is qualitative. (Example: numbers on football jerseys).

44
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

a scale with the property of magnitude but not equal intervals or an absolute 0, allows you to rank individuals (Example: ranking people by height)

45
Q

Interval Scale

A

when a scale has properties of magnitude and equal intervals, but not absolute 0 (Example: degrees in Fahrenheit)

46
Q

Ratio Scale

A

has all three properties (magnitude, equal intervals, absolute 0)

47
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was obtained

48
Q

Mean

A

the average score in a distribution

49
Q

Standard Deviation

A

approximation of the average deviation around the mean. (Example: +5 is 5 deviations above the mean, -2 is 2 deviations below the mean)

50
Q

Percentile Ranks

A

what percent of the score falls below a particular score. (Example: I scored the 80th percentile, meaning the top 20%)

51
Q

Z Score

A

difference between a score and the mean, divided by standard deviation, z score is a deviation of a score from the mean. (Example: the larger the deviation the score the further from the mean/ the lower the deviation score the closer to the mean)

52
Q

Positive and Negative Skew

A

Positive Skew: tail of distribution is longer on the right
Negative Skew: tail of distribution is longer on the left

53
Q

What are norms?

A

norms are the average performance and allows for comparisons

54
Q

What is within-group norming?

A

not being compared to everyone. (Example: comparing males to only males taking the test OR everyone taking the test {not entire living population}

55
Q

What is norm-referenced testing?

A

comparison with other test takers to see the norm–> competitions

56
Q

Criterion-referenced Tests

A

comparison to some standard score. (Example: a cut score or a passing score)

57
Q

What is a scatter diagram?

A

a picture of the relationship between two variables

58
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

the index that describes the direction and magnitude of a relationship

59
Q

Positive Correlation

A

high scores Y are associated with high scores X, low scores Y are associated with low scores X

60
Q

Negative Correlation

A

high scores Y are associated with low scores X and lowers scores Y are associated with high scores X

61
Q

Regression Line

A

the best fitting line straight through a set of points in a scatter diagram, found using principles of least square. best fitting line best fits the data and keeps residuals to a minimum.

62
Q

Principle of Least Squares

A

point of best prediction and most accurate

63
Q

Residual

A

the difference between the observed and predicted scores.

64
Q

What is the Pearson Product Moment Correlation?

A

the coefficient is a ratio used to determine the degree of variation in one variable that can be estimated by another variable

65
Q

What is interpreting a regression plot?

A

common use to determine the validity evidence for a test or the relationship between a test score and well-defined criterion.

66
Q

What is Spearman’s rho?

A

method of correlation for finding the association between two sets of ranks. (Example: r = .3 –> .3 x .3 = 9%)

67
Q

What is Point Biserial Correlation?

A

one variable is continuous and one variable is dichotomous. (Example: right or wrong answer to an item on a test)

68
Q

Standard Error of Estimate

A

standard deviation of residuals

69
Q

Coefficient of Determination

A

correlation coefficient squared

70
Q

Coefficient Alienation

A

measure of a no association between two variables

71
Q

Range Restriction

A

restriction of range, reduces correlation, narrowed down range

72
Q

Factor Analysis

A

values observed data are expressed as functions of a number of possible causes

Methods of Testing Psychology (1 decks)

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