CH 1-1C Flashcards
science, which deals with the occurrence, distribution and disposal of water on the planet earth; it is the science which deals with the various phases of the hydrologic cycle
HYDROLOGY
what are the 10 hydrologic data?
- Climatological data
- Hydrometeorological data
- Precipitation records
- Stream-flow records
- Seasonal fluctuation
- Evaporation data
- Cropping pattern
- Water Quality
- Geomorphologic Studies
- Hydrometeorological characteristics of basin
is the water transfer cycle, which occurs continuously in nature.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
branch of engineering that applies fluid mechanics principles to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water.
HYDRAULICS
important phases of hydrological cycle
- Evaporation
- Evapo-transpiration or Transpiration
- Condensation
- Precipitation
- Runoff
- Infiltration
- Groundwater Flow
bent contour lines that point uphill
SWALE
bent contour lines that point downhill
RIDGE
For every stream, a well-defined area of land intercepts the
rainfall and transports it to the stream. The area of land is called the
WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASIN
transition between two ridges and two swales.
SADDLE
is the only stream
through which Laguna de Bay
drains to Manila Bay.
PASIG RIVER
refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short
periods of time—from minutes to hours or days.
WEATHER
refers to the long-term regional or even global average of temperature, humidity and rainfall patterns over seasons, years or decades.
CLIMATE
- From burning fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, and oil), solid waste,
trees and other biological materials,
and also as a result of certain
chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture
of cement). - removed from the atmosphere (or
“sequestered”) when it is absorbed
by plants as part of the biological
carbon cycle.
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
thin part of the Earth’s atmosphere that absorbs almost all of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet light.
OZONE LAYER
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere
GREENHOUSE GASES
Thinning of ozone layer due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are everywhere, mostly in refrigerants and plastic products since they are inexpensive, they don’t catch fire easily, and they don’t usually poison living things.
OZONE DEPLETION
- From the production and transport
of coal, natural gas, and oil. - from livestock and other
agricultural practices and by the
decay of organic waste in
municipal solid waste landfills.
METHANE (CH4)
From agricultural and industrial
activities, combustion of fossil
fuels and solid waste, as well as
during treatment of wastewater.
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)
- Hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulfur
hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride - because they are potent greenhouse
gases, they are sometimes referred
to as High Global Warming Potential
gases (“High GWP gases”).
FLOURINATED GASES
- Caused by the warming of sea surface temperature in the Pacific and can affect air and sea currents.
- Results in reduced rainfall that led to dry spells, droughts and stronger typhoons.
- Term means “Little Boy,” or “Christ Child” in Spanish
EL NINO PHENOMENON
- characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the Equatorial Pacific which causes increased numbers of tropical storms in the Pacific Ocean.
- brings plenty of rain, with accompanying hazards
- Term means “Little Girl”
LA NINA PHENOMENON
long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the preindustrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere
GLOBAL WARMING
refers to both human- and naturally produced
warming and the effects it has on our planet. It is the long-term
change in the average weather patterns that have come to define
Earth’s local, regional and global climates.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Effects of Climate Change
- Global Warming
- Changes in precipitation patterns
- Extreme cyclone events
- Extreme drought and heat waves
- Iceberg melting
- Rise in sea level
reducing climate change through reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases
(such as the oceans, forests and soil).
MITIGATION
what is the goal of mitigation?
to stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner
adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate.
ADAPTATION
what is the goal of adaptation?
to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change.
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun
SOLAR RADIATION
rate at which solar radiation reaches the upper limits of earth
atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation and at
earth’s mean distance from the sun
SOLAR CONSTANT
what is the common value of solar constant?
1,374 W/m^2
“short” wavelengths (range 0.1 to 4.0 μm)
SOLAR RADIATION
“long” wavelengths (4.0 to 50 μm)
TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
percent of the incoming solar
radiation that is reflected from
a surface
ALBEDO
affects the solar radiation received at any
location and time
SUN-EARTH GEOMETRY
when the sun is farthest
from the earth (occurs about
July 4)
APHELION
when the sun passes directly over the equator or when the sun’s apparent path and plane of the earth’s equator coincide.
EQUINOX
when the sun is nearest
from the earth (occurs about
January 3)
PERIHELION
when the sun’s apparent path is displaced farthest north (Tropic of Cancer) or south (Tropic of Capricorn) from the earth’s equator.
SOLSTICE
occur because the tilt of the Earth’s axis keeps a constant as
the Earth revolves around the Sun.
SEASONS
What is the general rule of PRESSURE?
Weather becomes stormy when air pressure falls and becomes fair when air pressure rises
instrument used to
measure pressure
BAROMETER
- amount of heat energy possessed
by an object - degree of hotness or coldness of an
object
TEMPERATURE
amount of water vapor in the air.
HUMIDITY
Measures the amount of water in the
air in relation to the maximum amount of water vapor (moisture).
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Air would rise near the equator and travel in the upper atmosphere toward the poles, then cool, descend into the lower
atmosphere, and return toward the equator.
HADLEY CIRCULATION
produces the changes in wind direction and velocity towards the equator
CORIOLIS EFFECT
Heated air ascends at the equator, proceeds toward the poles at upper levels, loses heat and descends toward the ground at latitude 30 °. Near the ground, it branches, one branch moving toward the equator and the other toward the pole.
TROPICAL CELL
driven frictionally by the other two; its surface air flows toward the pole, producing prevailing westerly air flow in the mid-latitudes
MIDDLE CELL
air rises at 60° and flows toward the poles at upper levels, then cools and flows back to 60° near the earth’s surface
POLAR CELL
what are the climatic controls?
- Topography and location
- Trade winds
- Fronts
- Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
- Monsoon winds
- Tropical cyclones
- Easterly waves
a belt of low pressure which circles the Earth generally near the
equator where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres come together. It is characterized by convective activity which generates often vigorous thunderstorms over large areas.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
general term for a weather system in which winds rotate
inwardly to an area of low atmospheric pressure. For large weather
systems, the circulation pattern is in a counterclockwise direction in
the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the Southern
Hemisphere.
CYCLONE
transition zone between two different air masses at the Earth’s
surface.
FRONT
- Winter monsoon
- Dry and cold wind from Siberia which
may weaken tropical cyclones - Brings rain over the eastern seaboard
- October to March
AMIHAN OR NORTHEAST MONSOON
TYPES OF FRONT
- Cold Front
- Warm Front
- Occluded Front
- Stationary Front
a westward-moving, wavelike disturbance of low atmospheric
pressure embedded in tropical easterly winds.
EASTERLY WAVES
- Summer Monsoon
- Hot and Moist wind from Indian
Ocean which may strengthen tropical
cyclone - Brings rain over the western
seaboard - May to September
HABAGAT or SOUTHWEST MONSOON
