Ch 1

Question 1

acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Answer 1

Empirical method

Question 2

Why is healthy skepticism endorsed?

Answer 2

critical thinking involves maintaining an attitude of skepticism, recognizing internal biases, making use of logical thinking, asking appropriate questions, and making observations

Question 3

This theory holds that if you can describe the structure or characteristics of something you can understand it.

Answer 3

structuralism

Question 4

This theory holds that if one can identify the function of something, one can understand it. Much like the function of a car would be transportation, status, entertainment and the like.

Answer 4

functionalism

Question 5

What did Pavlov study?

Answer 5

He studied a form of learning behavior called conditioned reflex

Question 6

What is behaviorism’s role in establishing psychology

Answer 6

is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation

Question 7

What did Skinner focus on in his studies?

Answer 7

on positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors had a lasting influence in psychology

Question 8

What was Naomi Weinstein’s overall impact on the field of psychology?

Answer 8

Naomi Weisstein, first published in 1968 (Weisstein, 1993), stimulated a feminist revolution in psychology by presenting a critique of psychology as a science.

Question 9

Who were the two famous African American researchers and psychologists known for studies that were instrumental in Brown v Board of Education?

Answer 9

Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband, Kenneth Clark

Question 10

This psychologist made significant strides in the field, and later became the president of the American Psychological Association.

Answer 10

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 11

This psychologist demonstrated the benefit of intervention to overcome conduct disorders.

Answer 11

Martha Bernal

Question 12

This psychologist studied impacts of educational segregation and isolation based on race.

Answer 12

Inez Beverly Prosser

Question 13

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Answer 13

empirical method

Question 14

Observable realities

Answer 14

Facts

Question 15

Who was Margaret Floy?

Answer 15

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.

Question 16

personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

Answer 16

Opinions

Question 17

Who was Francis Sumner?

Answer 17

Francis Sumner (1895–1954) was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920.

Question 18

Who was Beverly Prosser?

Answer 18

Thirteen years later, Inez Beverly Prosser (1895–1934) became the first African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology.

Question 19

How does inductive reasoning differ from deductive reasoning? Make sure you can describe the core differences.

Answer 19

Inductive reasoning uses empirical observations to construct broad generalizations.

Question 20

What is a theory?

Answer 20

A theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.

Question 21

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 21

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct,U