CH 1 Flashcards
pie chart
percent
ie. out of a class of 35 people, how many students choose each of the 5 following options for a preferred test day- monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday
line graph
trends
ie. a line graph that shows the average temperature each month throughout the past 10 years in california
bar graph
comparison
ie. showing people’s most used payment methods: cash, card, checks, or apple pay
discrete data
unique points on a number line
ie. number of test questions answered correctly
continuous data
forms an interval
ie. measuring the temperature of a classroom
categorical data
qualitative
ie. area code
voluntary response bias
more likeley to repond if have personal experience
ie.sending a poll to the studnets in a school about their opinions on a new medicine in the science field, but only students interested in science will be likely to respond, those interested in humanities or other subjects are less likeley to respond to a field they arent interested in
response bias
presents the topic in a way to convince the audience to respond a certain way
ie. paper or digital notes? a speaker might argue for paper by underscoring how digital notes are an easy distraction for middle and high schoolers who are addcited to technology, present data that shows more distractions when using technology –> leads to lower test scores and GPA whereas paper notes have been proven to help you remember things better and are less of an opportunity to get distracted
non response bias
choosing not to respond/unavailable
ie. you go around knocking on people’s door to collect data about how much of the population works from home, but people who don’t work from home may be at the office and unavailable –> unable to respond
undercoverage bias
unintentionally leaving out a group
ie. conducting an online survey to find how much of the population are still reading newspapers, but you may leave out the elderly population who use less technology and have less access to the internet
selection bias
only selecting certain groups
ie. you are asked to survey people in the school about whether people prefer block schedule or normal all 6 classes in one day, and you are biased towards a block schedule. therefore you only survey those people who you know would choose block schedule
convenience bias
choosing groups that are convenient to test –> not representative of population
ie. surveying to see how much of the population feel that house prices are too high, and you only survey those in your neighborhood who are all rich people, and they all say they can afford their houses, but you leave out the less rich people living outside your rich neighborhood.
stratified random sampling
groups -> srs
first split people into groups and then do srs within each group to choose people from each group then combine
ie. within each of the 10 math classes from period 1, uses srs to choose 2 people from each class randomly. then collect these 20 students’ math grades to see what the average grade is.
SRS simple random sampling
everyone has equal chance of being selected
ie.
Cluster random sampling
srs -> groups
once in groups, use srs to choose a random group and that group will be selected
ie. split participants into age groups of kids, teens, adults, and elders. then use srs to pick one group to participate in an experiment that tests the effect of running in heat on ur mile time.
Systematic sampling
choosing every nth person
ie. trying to see the most popular drink ordered at a cafe, noting down every fifth persons order
ie.
randomization
eliminate bias
blocking
reduce variation
control
hold extraneous factors constant
replication
accuracy
observational study
draw conclusions, no cause/effect
ie.quizzes –> conclusions about student progress
