Ch. 1

Question 1

What does it mean for something to be alive?

Answer 1

• must have cells
• must be able to replicate
• must evolve
• must process and respond to information
• must acquire and use energy

Question 2

Robert Hooke

Answer 2

made crude microscope to examine cork, coined the term “cells”

Question 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 3

Made more powerful microscope than Hooke. Looked at pond water and saw single-celled “animolecules”

Question 4

Evolution principles

Answer 4

1. Species are related by a common ancestor
2. The characteristics of species can be changed generationally

Question 5

Evolution

Answer 5

A change in the characteristics of a population over time

Question 6

Population

Answer 6

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 7

two conditions of natural selection

Answer 7

1. Characteristic is heritable (can be passed down)
2. Characteristics help individuals survive better in some environment

Question 8

Speciation

Answer 8

Natural selection leads to population of one species diverging and forms a new species

Question 9

Fitness

Answer 9

Biol. jargon: “an individual’s ability to produce viable offspring”

Question 10

Adaptation

Answer 10

Biol jargon. a trait that increases fitness

Question 11

Cell theory and evolution principles - early science

Answer 11

1. Cell is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms
2. All species have a common ancestor and have changed over time in response to natural selection

Question 12

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Answer 12

By Walter Sufton and Theodor Boveri. Inside cells, genetic information is encoded in genes on chromosomes

Question 13

Chromosome

Answer 13

Made of molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 14

Proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick from lab work of Rosalind Franklin.

Question 15

Double helix strands

Answer 15

Made of “4 building blocks” ATCG. A pairs to T, C pairs to G.

Question 16

Central dogma

Answer 16

From Crick. Dna codes for RNA. RNA codes for proteins

Question 17

RNA

Answer 17

Ribonucleic acids. Messenger rna tells molecule what building blocks to use for a protein

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

Adenosine triphophosphate. Chemical energy.

Question 19

Phylogeny

Answer 19

Genealogical relationships. Carl Woese studied

Question 20

rRNA

Answer 20

ribosomal RNA. Made of ribonucleotides. AUCG.

Question 21

rRNA significance for phylogeny

Answer 21

rRNA sequences may change in evolution. You can look at similarities in rRNA in different organisms to see how related organisms are.

Question 22

LUCA

Answer 22

Last universal common ancestor of all cells

Question 23

Tree of life groups

Answer 23

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Question 24

Eukaryotes

Answer 24

Have a nucleus

Question 25

Prokaryotes

Answer 25

Lack of nucleus. Most bacteria and archael are prokaryotes.

Question 26

Taxonomy

Answer 26

Effort to name and classify organisms. Groups are called taxon/taxa

Question 27

3 domains of life

Answer 27

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 28

Phylum

Answer 28

Major lineage in a domain

Question 29

Naming system for Latin names

Answer 29

Genus + species

Question 30

Genus

Answer 30

Closely related group of species

Question 31

Artificial selection

Answer 31

Changes in population when humans select individuals for reproduction

Question 32

Building blocks of chemical evolution

Answer 32

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 33

Atomic structure

Answer 33

electrons orbit an atomic nucleus. Nucleus is made protons and neutrons.

Question 34

Charges of atomic structures

Answer 34

Proton = positive, neutrons = neutral, electrons = negative.

Question 35

Atomic number

Answer 35

Subscript to the left of an element - number of proton

Question 36

mass number

Answer 36

superscript to the left of the symbol. Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 37

Dalton

Answer 37

Special unit for mass of protons and neutrons

Question 38

Isotopes

Answer 38

Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 39

Atomic weight

Answer 39

Average of all masses of the of naturally occuring isotopes, based on abundance