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CSCS > CH. 1 > Flashcards

CH. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Shoulder, pelvic girdle & bones in extremities

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3
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Allow virtually no movement (structures of the skull)

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow limited movement (intervertebral disks)

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5
Q

Synovial joints

A

Allow considerable movement (knee, elbow)

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6
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

Specialized connective tissue that covers all bones that tendons attach to

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer connective tissue surrounding the muscle

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8
Q

Perimysium

A

Middle connective tissue surrounding fasciculi (a bundle of muscle fibers)

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9
Q

Endomysium

A

Inner connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle muscle fiber and is contiguous with the muscle fiber’s membrane: Sarcolemma

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10
Q

Muscle fiber content

A

Sarcolemma (membrane)
Protein myofibrils
Additional protein
Stored glycogen
Fat particles
Enzymes
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit in a muscle

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12
Q

Myofibrils

A

Composed of actin and myosin myofilaments that are organized longitudinally in the sarcomere

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13
Q

T tubules

A

Run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate near the Z line between two sarcomeres. Contiguous with the Sarcolemma and deliver the signal from the motor neuron simultaneously to all depths of the muscle fiber

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14
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Intricate system of tubules that surround each myofibril and contains calcium ions that regulate muscle contraction

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15
Q

A band

A

Alignment of myosin filaments

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16
Q

I Band

A

Contains actin filaments

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17
Q

Z line

A

Splits the I band and separates sarcomeres

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18
Q

H zone

A

Center of sarcomeres that contain myosin filaments

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19
Q

Motor unit (components)

A

Motor neuron
NM Junction
Corresponding muscle fibers

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells responsible for innervating muscle fibers. 1 motor neuron can innervate up to thousands of muscle fibers

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21
Q

All or nothing principal

A

All muscles within a motor unit contract simultaneously when a motor unit delivers the signal to contract by the discharge of action potential. A stronger action potential CAN’T
produce a stronger muscle contraction

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22
Q

Action potential

A

Release of acetylcholine at nerve terminal. Diffuses across NM junction and excites the Sarcoplasmic reticulum/Sarcolemma and the fibers contract to merge and completely fuse

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23
Q

What are the 5 phases of the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

Resting phase
Excitation-Contraction Coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation Phase

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24
Q

Resting Phase

A
  • Majority of calcium is stored in Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Few myosin crossbridges are bound to actin
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25
Q

Vertebral Column

A

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
3-5 coccygeal

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26
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase

A

-Nervous System signals the motor unit to contract
-Action Potential discharges across NM junction
-Calcium is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Calcium ions bind with troponin on actin
-H zone and I-Band shrink
-Z lines pull together as sarcomere shrinks

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27
Q

Contraction Phase

A
  • ATP on the myosin crossbridge breaks down via hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzyme ATPase
  • Breakdown of ATP to ADP and phosphate delivers the energy for the pulling action aka power stroke
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28
Q

Recharge Phase

A
  • New ATP replaces ADP on the myosin crossbridge
  • If calcium, ATP & ATPase are available, contraction repeats
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29
Q

Relaxation Phase

A
  • Calcium pumped back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
  • Actin and myosin return to unbound state
  • Muscle Relaxes
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30
Q

Type I Fibers (slow twitch)

A

-Efficient
-Resistant to fatigue
-High capillary density/density of mitochondria
-High capacity for aerobic energy
-Low recruitment threshold (activated at lower demand unlike Type II)
-Limited potential for rapid Force development & anaerobic power

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31
Q

Type II Fibers

A

-Type IIa & IIx
-Inefficient and rapidly fatigue
-Capable of rapidly producing force for short periods of time
-Significant anaerobic power
-Type IIa have greater capacity for aerobic metabolism and more capillaries than Type IIx making them more resistant to fatigue

32
Q

Postural Muscles

A

-Large composition of Type I fibers
-Needed throughout the day so endurance is required
-Example: Soleus

33
Q

Prime Mover Muscles

A

-Include Type I and Type II fibers due to varying need
-Intensity of activity determines relative involvement of fiber types
-Example: Quadriceps group (involved in both low and high power activities)

34
Q

2 ways muscle force is graded

A
  1. Frequency of motor unit activation (twitch)
  2. Increase in the total number of activated units (recruitment)
35
Q

Tetanus

A

State of muscle activation where twitches are so frequent they merge together

36
Q

How to improve muscle force production in athletes

A
  1. Incorporating phases of training with heavier loads
  2. Increasing muscle cross-sectional area through Resistance training
  3. Focusing on explosive, multi-muscle, multi-joint exercises
37
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with info regarding the position of body parts with respect to gravity

38
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

-Modified intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue running parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal)
-Provide info concerning muscle length and rate of change in length
-Cause corresponding muscles to contract when stretched
-Indicate the degree of muscle activation needed to overcome resistance
-Increased spindle activation results in increased motor unit activation

39
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)

A

-Located in tendons near myotendinous junction
-Attached end to end in series with extrafusal fibers
-Activate when tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched
-Discharge of GTOs increases as level of tension in muscle increases
-GTO discharge stimulates inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, reducing tension in muscle
-Protects against excessive muscle tension and decreases muscle unit activation

40
Q

R Side of heart

A

Pumps blood through the lungs for oxygenation

41
Q

L side of heart

A

Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

42
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives non-oxygenated blood from body

43
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation

44
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation

45
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood through body

46
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid and Mitral Valves that prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria during contraction (systole)

47
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Aortic and Pulmonary valves that prevent blood flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries during ventricular relaxation (diastole)

48
Q

SA Node

A

Pacemaker of the heart, source of the rhythmic electrical impulses

49
Q

AV node

A

Delays impulse from SA node to allow blood into ventricles

50
Q

AV Bundles

A

-Conducts impulse to ventricles via left and right bundle branches— further branching into Purkinje fibers.
-transmits signals nearly simultaneously to left and right ventricles

51
Q

Typical RHR

A

60-100 bpm

52
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 bpm

53
Q

Tachycardia

A

Over 100 bpm

54
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

Accelerates depolarization of SA node, increasing HR

55
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Decreases rate of depolarization, decreasing HR

56
Q

P-wave

A

Electrical depolarization of the atria, which results in mechanical contraction

57
Q

QRS Complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles
-Atrial repolarization masked by QRS complex

58
Q

T-wave

A

Ventricular repolarization, resetting the heart between each beat

59
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron-protein molecule that transports oxygen and buffers blood pH

60
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contain hemoglobin and facilitates CO2 removal

61
Q

Arteries

A

Large tubes that rapidly transport blood FROM the heart
-stiff walls to contain the high pressure of blood from the heart

62
Q

Arterioles

A

Small tubes that branch off the arteries and control the blood before entering the capillaries

63
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest tubes that facilitate exchange of O2, CO2 and nutrients between blood and tissues

64
Q

Venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries and transport it to veins

65
Q

Veins

A

Larger tubes that return blood to heart
-thinner, dilatable walls that constrict or expand depending on current needs of the body

66
Q

Respiratory System

A

Nasal Cavities
Trachea
Right & Left Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

67
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Warm, purify, and humidify air entering the body

68
Q

Trachea

A

1st generation respiratory passage

69
Q

Right & Left Bronchi

A

2nd generation passages that split from trachea toward right & left lungs

70
Q

Bronchioles

A

Additional 23 generations of passageways that deliver air to the alveoli

71
Q

Alveoli

A

Location in lungs where gas exchange (diffusion) occurs nearly instantaneously

72
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts, creating negative pressure in the lungs that pulls in air

73
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil in the lungs and chest cavity expels the air

74
Q

Muscles involved in heavy breathing

A

Intercostals
Sternocleidomastoids
Anterior Serrati
Scaleni

75
Q

Pleural Pressure

A

Pressure in the narrow space between lung pleura and chest wall pleura that is normally slightly negative
-Increases during and inspiration and decreases during expiration

76
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

Pressure inside the lung alveoli when the glottis is fully open and no airflow in or out of the lungs is occurring
-Increases during expiration and decreases during inspiration

CSCS (1 decks)

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