ch. 1

Question 1

Neuroscience

Answer 1

the study of the nervous system

Question 2

Behavioral Neuroscience

Answer 2

The study of neural mechanisms underlying behavior and mental processes.

Question 3

5 viewpoints of behavioral neuroscience

Answer 3

1.) describing behavior
2.) Otogeny (development of behavior)
3.)Mechanisms of behavior
4.)Application of behavior
5.) evolution of behavior

Question 4

Somatic Intervention

Answer 4

alterations to brain/body structure/function to see how behavior is changed/affected
ex.) administering hormone affects “strength in mating behavior”

Question 5

behavioral intervention

Answer 5

alter behavior implemented to see how brain structure/function is changed/affected
- how does experience change the brain
ex.) change in hormone levels in a male due to presence of a female

Question 6

correlation

Answer 6

extent to which a neural measure varies with a behavioral measure
-correlation is not causation
-suggests direct or indirect link

Question 7

Neuroplasticity

Answer 7

the structure of the brain is changing with experience and the environment
-not just restricted to the developing brain
-occurs in response to stressors, damage, the environment, learning new hobbies
-ex.) aversive conditioning (prev. neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive outcome repeatedly and reliably)

Question 8

Levels of Analyzing the Link of Brain and Behavior

Answer 8

social level>organ level>neural systems level>brain region level>circuit level>cellular level>synaptic level>molecular level
-reductionism= breaking down system into units to better understand it

Question 9

Reductionism

Answer 9

breaking down system into units to better understand it

Question 10

Behavior (simplification)

Answer 10

procedure to reduce complexity of experimental analysis

Question 11

Behavior (generalization)

Answer 11

general conclusions based on many observations

Question 12

Explanatory reductionism

Answer 12

process of studying components of system that’ll explain properties of the system as a whole

Question 13

Physiological expl. of behavior

Answer 13

(proximate) relationship b/w behavior & activity of brain/other organs

Question 14

Ontogenetic expl. of behavior

Answer 14

(proximate) development within individual (genes, nutrition, experience, etc.)

Question 15

Functional expl. of behavior

Answer 15

(ultimate) purpose served by particular behavior (adaptation for survival)

Question 16

Phylogenetic expl. of behavior

Answer 16

(ultimate) evolutionary organization of the capacity for particular behavior

Question 17

Mentalism

Answer 17

philosophical position that an immaterial mind is responsible for behavior
(Aristotle)

Question 18

Dualism

Answer 18

belief that body is physical but mind is not; mind & brain are separate but interacting
(Descartes)

Question 19

unilateral neglect

Answer 19

damage to right parietal cortex; reported lack of awareness of left half of objects
- not blind or numb

Question 20

Wilder Penfield

Answer 20

electrically stimulated brain sides during surgical ablations; occasionally evoked visual/auditory hallucinations ~ memories (esp. temporal lobes)
- repeated stimulation at same site evoked responses in same modality but diff. contexts

Question 21

Describe the reasons why we use animals in research.

Answer 21

• Studying physiology and behaviors of animals contribute to health and well-being of humans and animals.
- Similar mechanisms of behavior, easier to understand
- Some processes are exaggerated
- Interest in animals for their own sake
• Study of animals can be a source of insight into evolution
- Natural selection is one of most important foundations of science
• Many questions cannot be answered by human experiments
- Animals have shorter reproductive growth cycles, which are critical for genetic and developmental experiments
- Ethical issues
• Animal research has led to development of conservation programs

(1) characterize normal physiological & psychological processes
(2) characterize abnormal functioning
(3) screen drugs for efficacy/toxicity

Question 22

Describe the laws and guidelines that govern use of animals in research.

Answer 22

Federal:
- Animal Welfare Act
- Health Research Extension Act
- Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
- Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AALAC)
- Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Funding agencies (grants):
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Private Foundations
University of Florida:
- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Professional societies (presentation and publication of findings):
- Society for Neuroscience (SFN)
- American Psychological Association (APA)
- all scientific journals, etc….

Question 23

refinement (in animal research)

Answer 23

alternative technique or procedures to minimize potential pain, distress, or discomfort to animals being tested

Question 24

Reduction (in animal research)

Answer 24

alternatives or methods to minimize number of animals used to obtain significant results

Question 25

Replacement (in animal research)

Answer 25

alternative to the use of live animals in research