Ch 1 Flashcards
Continuous
Process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
Discontinuous
Process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge a specific times
Lifespan Perspective
Development is
- lifelong
- multidimensional
- Highly plastic
- affected by multiple interacting forces
Age-Grade Influences
Events that are strongly related to age & fairly predictable in when they occur & how long they last
History-Grade Influences
Explain why people born around the same time (cohort) tend to be alike
Nonnormative influences
Events that are irregular.
- happens to 1 or fewer people
- do not follow predictable time table
Normative Approach
Measures of the behavior are taken in large numbers, age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
Psychoanalytic Perspective
People move through a series of stages, confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations.
How conflicts are resolve determines the persons ability to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety.
Psychosexual Theory
Freud’s Theory
Emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
Psychosocial Theory
Erikson’s Theory
Ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes & skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society.
Behaviorism
Watson
Skinner
Directly observable events (stimuli & Responses)
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning (Reinforcers, Punishment)
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Stressed how children learn by observation and imitation
Applied Behavior Analysis
consist of careful observations of a behavior & related environmental events
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Piaget
children actively construct knowledge as the manipulative and explore their world.
Ethology
Darwin Konrad Lorenz Adaptive (survival) value of behavior Sensitive periods for learning Evolutionary developmental psychology
Ecological Systems
Urie Bronfenbrenner
-Microsystem, Mesosytem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Cognitive-developmental theory Sensorimotor: Birth-2 years Preoperational: 2-7 years Concrete operational: 7-11 years Formal operational 11 years+
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky’s Theory
The role of culture/social interaction.
Different contexts create different forms of development.
Cognitive processes (language, thought, reasoning) develop THROUGH social interaction
Development is a product of CULTURE
Humanistic
Carl Roger
Abraham Maslow
-Hierarchy of needs
