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anatomy of airways > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the upper airways?

A

from the anterior nares to the true vocal cords

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2
Q

where does the upper airways begin and end?

A

tip of your nose to the vocal cords

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3
Q

where does the lower airways begin?

A

from the vocal cords all the way to the alveolar capillary membrane.

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4
Q

what are the 6 functions of the upper airways?

A
  • heating/cooling
  • filtering
  • humidifying
  • olfaction
  • phonation
  • conduction
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5
Q

what is the function of the nose hairs also known as vibrissae?

A

it acts as a gross filter, it is the first line of defense against germs, fungus, and spores and also traps debris.

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6
Q

where is the olfactory region located?

A

an area in each nasal cavity defined by the superior concha laterally, nasal septal cartilage medially, and roof of the nasal cavity superiorly.

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7
Q

what happens to your sense of smell when you are intubated or have a tracheostomy?

A

you do not have a sense of smell.

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8
Q

why is your sense of smell so important to maintain human health and in some cases survival?

A

it can alert us of danger

i.e chemicals, smelly fridge

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9
Q

what is the function of the turbinates or concha?

A

to control air flow

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10
Q

relate the importance of surface area to the concha?

A

provides moisture, mucus, traps debris, and it acts as a humidity and filter system

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11
Q

how large is the surface area in the respiratory area of the upper airway?

A

160 cm2

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12
Q

why is it necessary for the air to be so turbulent in the respiratory region?

A

it produces inertial impaction which increases the certainty that particles will meet the surface area. It also will filter, moisture, and heat.

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13
Q

how many milliliters of water per day can the respiratory region of the nose deliver of dry gas every day?

A

650 to 1000 mL, relative humidity 80%

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14
Q

what is the surface area of the respiratory region made of?

A

the epithelial lining is pseudostratififed ciliated colimnar epithelium. There are a lot of cilia, goblet cells, and mucus glands. they produce liquid and mucus.

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15
Q

how does inertial impaction help clean the air we breathe through the respiratory region of the nose?

A

traps particles up to 5 micrometers of dust and debris

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16
Q

which region of the nose is lined with cilia?

A

the columnar cells of the epithelial lining of the nasal cavity contains the cilia. this is located on the large surface

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17
Q

which region of the nose is not lined with ciliary epithelium?

A

the vestibular and olfactory regions

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18
Q

what are the mechanics of moving mucus?

A

mucociliary escalator: the sol layer which is the bottom and the gel layer which the top

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19
Q

describe how the mucociliary escalator works in your nose.

A

it works to remove debris and mucus

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20
Q

what are the component parts to the mucociliary escalator?

A

gel, sol, mucus blanket, goblet cells, and cilia

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21
Q

how does the mucus blanket move?

A

in a wave like motion

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22
Q

what would happen if the soluble layer loses to much moisture?

A

mucus would slow and build up due to thickness

23
Q

describe the cause and effect between a nasogastric tube, ET tube, and inner ear infection.

A

nasogastric tubes cause inner ear infections from blocking the eustachian tube, blocks sinus drainage, sinusitis, and sinus infection often result.

24
Q

where are the nasal sinuses and why are they there?

A

frontal and sphenoid sinuses; they are hollow spaces to make your head lighter and better voices when we talk

25
Q

anatomically and physiologically speaking why does mouth breathing cause the patient to have such a dry throat?

A

they can not produce a lot of humidity (humidity deficit)

26
Q

what does the nose have that the mouth and pharynx does not have, when it comes to humidifying dry air?

A

heat, moisture, and filtering

27
Q

does mouth breathing cause a humidity deficit?

A

no the body will compensate

28
Q

how much airway resistance comes from breathing through the nose?

A

1/2 to 2/3

29
Q

what structural, anatomical features of the nose cause so much airway resistance?

A

the turbinate region (concha)

30
Q

when people get SOB, why do they stop breathing through their nose and start breathing through their mouths?

A

to avoid airway resistance

31
Q

when a SOB patient is breathing through their mouth will a nasal cannula help them?

A

no because they are mouth breathing. They should have a mask.

32
Q

what reflex response is located at the back of the tongue?

A

the vagal gag reflex (pharyngeal reflex)

33
Q

what would occur if the RT attempted to do an oral intubation on a alert oriented patient?

A

this would cause the patient to gag or aspirate

34
Q

what type of artificial airway cannot be used on an alert oriented patient?

A

oropharyngeal airway (endotracheal tube)

35
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

fight infection

36
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

37
Q

what pharygeal region contains the eustachian tubes?

A

nasopharynx

38
Q

what intubation method can cause otitis media?

A

nasal intubation

39
Q

list the functions of the nasopharynx.

A

gas conduction
filtration of gas
defense mechanism of the body (tonsils)

40
Q

list the functions of the oropharynx.

A

gas conduction
food/fluid conduction
filtration of inspired gas
defense from microorganisma entrances (waldeyers ring)

41
Q

list the functions of the laryngopharynx.

A

gas conduction

food/fluid conduction

42
Q

why is the pharyngeal reflex so important?

A

they prevent foreign material from entering the throat, for protection

43
Q

what dangerous problems can happen when the pharyngeal reflexes are suppressed?

A

gagging and aspiration can result

44
Q

what can suppress the pharyngeal reflexes?

A

a person that is unconscious or damage to the cranial nerves.

45
Q

what are the 3 basic functions of the larynx?

A

gas conduction: ventilation
phonation: production of sound
sphincter or glottis mechanism

46
Q

how does the larynx function during coughing?

A

works to seal airway, ability to close shut

47
Q

what is the function or purpose of the epiglottis?

A

acts as an umbrella

48
Q

what is the importance of the cricoidthyroid ligament during airway emergencies?

A

to create a emergency airway for short term when structures above it are blocked

49
Q

where is the cricoid cartilage in relation to the thyroid cartilage?

A

it lies inferior to the thyroid and superior to the trachea, to which it attaches.

50
Q

how is the cricoid cartilage different from the thyroid cartilage?

A

the thyroid is larger where as the cricoid is smaller and the thyroid is superior to the cricoid. The cricoid is also shaped like a signet ring

51
Q

what is the name of the space between the true vocal cords?

A

glottis (rima glottis)

52
Q

which direction do the vocal cords move during inhalation?

A

abduction is accomplished by lateral rotation of the arytenoids, thus increasing the size of the glottis

53
Q

which direction do the vocal cords move during exhalation?

A

adduction is accomplished by medial rotation and approximation of the arytenoids, thus sealing the glottis.

anatomy of airways (1 decks)

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