Ch 09 LO's

Question 1

How has the rate of mortality from HIV/AIDS trended and why?

Answer 1

Increased,

Possibly due to the public opinion that it is not a deadly disease so less people are protecting themselves from it

Question 2

What is the leading cause of morbidity and premature death globally?

Answer 2

Undernutrition

Due to either poor overall nutrition or specific nutrient deficiencies

Question 3

What is the leading cause of death in developed countries?

Answer 3

Ischemic Heart and cerebral vascular disease

Question 4

Which 3 preventable conditions account for 50% of postnatal deaths in kids under 5yo?

Answer 4

Pneumonia
Diarrheal disease
Malaria

Question 5

What is one of the most common causes of death in developing countries (broad category)? Give some examples:

Answer 5

Infections diseases (5 of 10 leading causes)

Respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria

Question 6

What are 3 categories and examples of emerging infectious diseases?

Answer 6

1) Newly evolving strains/organisms
- Multi drug resistant TB
2) Pathogens normally endemic to other species that have now jumped to humans
- HIV
3) Pathogens that have been present but now are showing increased incidences
- Dengue fever: Global warming allowing its spread to Southern US

Question 7

Name three disease categories affected by increased heatwaves and air pollution.

Answer 7

Cardiovascular
Cerebrovascular
Respiratory

Question 8

How are gastroenteritis and cholera being impacted by global warming?

Answer 8

Increased rates due to contamination from flood water and disruption of clean water supplies (also other foodborne/waterborne infectious diseases)

Question 9

What aspects of global warming are affecting vector-borne infectious diseases?
Also name two diseases in this category.

Answer 9

Increased temperatures make it easier for vectors to survive and spread the disease. Also, crop failures and extreme weather variations do the same.

Malaria, Dengue fever

Question 10

What is one major way global warming affects global malnutrition?

Answer 10

Disrupted crop productions – By 2080, agriculture productions may drop by 10-25%

Question 11

Define toxicology.

Answer 11

Distribution, effects, and mechanisms of action of various toxic agents

Question 12

What’s tricky about setting a definition to the word poison?

Answer 12

It’s entirely dependent on dosages. All substances are poisons. The correct dosage differentiates a remedy from a poison.

Question 13

Define xenobiotics.

Answer 13

Exogenous chemicals in the environment that can be absorbed into the body.

Question 14

How do drugs and solvents typically enter cells

Answer 14

Most are lipophilic, and therefore transport and penetrate through the basement membrane

Question 15

What happens to drugs and solvents once they enter cells?

Answer 15

Either detoxified by being metabolized to an inactive water-soluble product

Or activated to form toxic metabolites.

Question 16

What enzyme, located primarily in the liver catalyzes reactions to detoxify xenobiotics or convert xenobiotics into active compounds?

Answer 16

Cytochrome P-450

Question 17

What is one byproduct of Cyt P-450 reactions that can cause cell damage?
Give an example.

Answer 17

ROS

Carbon Tetrachloride -> trichloromethyl free radical

Question 18

List some examples of xenobiotics that are metabolized in the liver.

Answer 18

Acetaminophen, barbiturates, warfarin, anticonvulsants, EtOH

Question 19

How is CYP activity affected by fasting and starvation?

Answer 19

Decreases

Question 20

What outdoor air pollutants does the EPA limit?

Answer 20

Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide
Lead
Particulate matter