CGSC- Final Exam Flashcards
Anchoring
when you are judging someone
-the “anchor” is what you compare to when you evaluate
-ex) restaurants will put very expensive foods on a menu, to make other options look reasonable
-upwards comparison can make you seem awful as you’re comparing to something unrealistic
Contrast effect/context effect
-the tendency to mentally upgrade or downgrade an object when comparing it to a contrasting object
-two very similar biases
-similar to anchoring as its based on comparing two things
-ex) if men look at lots of pictures of beautiful women, they will rate their wives as less attractive
Distinction bias
-things appear more different when viewed simultaneously
-or when you’re thinking of two different things
-if you are observing two things at the same time, you will focus more on their differences when evaluating
Bandwagon Effect
you believe things because everyone around you believes the same things
-this can be bad because an entire culture could be wrong
-why cults try to keep people from talking to others
Herd Instinct
-is believing what everyone else does to avoid social conflict
-ex) someone is vegan just because their boyfriend
-don’t want to rock the boat to avoid social ostracization
Hostile Media Effect
when you watch the new, you tend to think they are hostile to your political views
-even if the news is neutral, those with strong views, believe the news is being critical/negative towards your views
Endowment Effect/ Loss Aversion
-people will demand more to give up an object than they are willing to pay to get it
-people will pay more or put in more effort to avoid loosing something than they would ever put into getting it
-once you own something, you find it more valuable
-why stores have generous return policies (why dont you just buy it, you can always return it later)
Temporal Discounting
-we value things in the future less than things now
-asking a favour or agreeing to things in the future
when people are in a chaotic environment the temporal discounting is increased
-empirical studies show people are more hyperbolic
Moral Credential Effect
-thinking of yourself as having acted morally can make you allow yourself to behave badly
-people will compensate to reach an equilibrium in many contexts
-people who wrote an essay against racism were less likely to give money to a panhandler afterwards
-how much good you thought you did rather than how much good you actually did
Imagining You’re Good
-if you imagine yourself as a good person, then you’re MORE likely to be good
-depends on if you are thinking of goodness in terms of seld-concept or in terms of satisfying some goal
Risk Compensation
each individual is oaky with taking a certain level of risk throughout their everyday lives
-ex) seatbelts- drivers are safer but deaths are passed onto others
-ex) dietary supplements make people eat more poorly and exercise less
Confirmation Bias
you accept, seek out, and remember things that support your views
-almost like a risk thermostat
-you interpret things in a way that supports your views (ex. horoscopes)
Negativity Bias
people pay more attention to negative information
-maybe because of evolutionary history that makes negative news more important to us
-people remember dangerous things more
-seeing dangers in more normal things
Omission Bias
-we think that harming is worse than not doing something that causes equal harm
-ex) people think killing someone is worse than letting them die
Outcome Bias
judging a decision based on what ended up happening rather than on the information available at the decision-making time
-is it right to punish a person who kills someone while drunk driving more severely than another drunk driver who gets lucky and doesn’t hit someone
Planning Fallacy
we underestimate how long it will take us to complete tasks in the future
-makes it easy for us to overlook ourselves
Wishful Thinking
believing something because you want it to be true
Availability Heuristic
assuming that things are most easily brought to memory are more common or probable
-a problem that is vivid and emotional things are easier to bring to memory
-when the news shows only murders, you tend to think murders are more prevalent than they are
Base Rate Neglect
if presented with related base rate information and specific information people tend to ignore the based rate in favour of individuation information, rather than correctly integrating the two
-disease death percentage- if 80% and 20% life, the 20% is ignored
Belief Bias
tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusions rather than how strongly they support that conclusion
-you are biased to believe that the answer is rational if you agree with the conclusion
Conjunction Fallacy
what is more common, a person who wears Birkenstocks or a hippie who wears Birkenstocks
-the hippie group has to be smaller since the group includes it but people think its bigger
Gamblers Fallacy
ignores that each flip is independent, and all combinations are individual and have the same probability
Pareidolia
the tendency for the incorrect perception of a stimulus as an object, pattern, or meaning known to the observer
-seeing shapes in clouds, seeing faces in inanimate objects
The Clustering Illusion
the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable “streaks” or “clusters” arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-randm
Illusory Correlation
the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between two variable where no such relationship exists
Primary and Recency Effects
we remember the beginnings and endings better than the other parts of things
Just World Phenomenon
if you think the world is ultimately just a place, you tend to look for reasons to blame victims of inexplicable injustices
Actor-Observer Bias
the tendency to explain the behaviour of others in terms of stable traits
-and to explain one’s actions in terms of reactions to the situation
Constructivism
children are active participants in their own development
Guided Participation
cognitive growth results from childrens involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled
Zone of proximal development
the difference between what a child can do alone from what they can do with help
Intersubjectivity
shared understanding among participants of an activity
Scaffolding
teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learners needs
Private speech
comments not directed to others but intended to help children regulate on their own speech
Inner Speech
thought, internalized private speech serving the same function
Amnesia
-leonard from Momentum sort of has transient global amnesia
-lacking short term memory
-can learn through procedural memory
Cognition
the manipulation of representations
-a representation is something that is used in place of the real thing
Short-term Memory
-temporary store
-some things from it end up becoming long-term memories
-can be there for a few days up to twenty days
Sensory Memory
-like a scratch pad (for vision) or recording tape (for hearing)
-can be overwritten with new things
-re-written every few seconds by new perceptions
Long-term Memory
-probably stored here forever
-might have trouble with retrieval
Learning
is the changing memory with the purpose of preparing a system for better action in the future
