CGIER 7 - CVS 2 Flashcards
Blood pressure is the…
pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels.
Since the heart pumps blood in a rhythmic fashion (i.e. contract, relax, contract, relax etc…), the blood pressure in the arteries will…
be cyclic, (sinusoidal)
The highest pressure in the cycle (systolic pressure) results from…
maximum contraction of the heart.
The minimum pressure (diastolic pressure) occurs following…
relaxation of the heart
What is the dicrotic notch?
A small downward deflection in the arterial pulse or pressure contour following the closure of the semilunar valve, and is associated with a small backflow of blood into the ventricles sometimes used a s a marker for the end of systole or the ejection period.
The top number reading in the blood pressure measures the…
pressure against the walls of blood vessels when the heart is pumping blood to organs.
This is your systolic pressure.
The bottom number in the blood pressure measures the…
pressure against the walls of blood vessels when the heart is between beats and resting.
This number is known as diastolic pressure.
What are normal blood pressure readings?
Medical guidelines state that a normal blood pressure for most adults is less than 120/80 mm Hg.
Drug treatment is recommended if your blood pressure is at or above 140/90 mm Hg.
What is the arterial pulse pressure?
Is defined as the systolic pressure minus the diastolic pressure.
Pulse Pressure (PP) = Systolic Pressure ─ Diastolic Pressure
What is the mean arterial pressure? (MAP)
It is defined as the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle.
MAP can be approximated using diastolic pressure (DP) and pulse pressure (PP): MAP = DP + 1/3 PP
MAP is considered the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body.
Perfusion (“F”) can be measured with…
where PA is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), PV is mean venous pressure, and R is vascular resistance.
F = PA - PV / R
It is believed that a MAP of greater than 60 mmHg is enough to sustain the organs of the average person under most conditions.
If the MAP falls significantly below this number for an appreciable time, the end organ will…
not get enough blood flow, and will become ischemic.
How does an acoustic stethoscope work?
Operates by the transmission of sound from the chest piece, via air-filled hollow tubes, to the listener’s ears.
What is the diaphragm in an acoustic stethoscope?
The diaphragm is placed on the patient, body sounds vibrate the diaphragm, creating acoustic pressure waves which travel up the tubing to the listener’s ears.
What is the bell in an acoustic stethoscope?
The bell is placed on the patient; the vibrations of the skin directly produce acoustic pressure waves traveling up to the listener’s ears.
The bell transmits ____ frequency sounds, while the diaphragm transmits ____ frequency sounds
low, higher
A sphygmomanometer is used to measure…
arterial blood pressure by observing the effect of applying an external pressure on the circulation system.
The sphygmomanometer consists of…
an inflatable cuff (connected to a manometer) and a small hand pump (used to inflate the cuff). The manometer measures the pressure produced by the cuff as it is inflated.
Explain how a sphygmomanometer works?
The cuff is inflated to a pressure large enough to compress the artery until it is completely closed (greater than the systolic pressure).
The stethoscope is placed to your arm and listens to the pulse while the cuff pressure released slowly.
Sound of turbulence flow =
Korotkoff sound
Blood pressure is measured in terms of…
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
________ used to detect blood pulsing in the artery.
Microphones
Other methods of blood pressure measurements are:
1- Oscillometric Method
2- Ultrasonic Method
These ________ are usually conducted over periods of days and are useful in diagnosing hypertension (i.e. elevated pulse pressures).
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements (ABPM)
Older patients with hypertension can be characterised by __________. This is mainly due to…
elevated systolic pressure, a loss in compliance of the main arteries.
Aortic compliance decreases with age due to structural changes, thereby producing…
age-dependent increases in pulse pressure 𝐶= ∆𝑉/∆𝑃
