CFPs in text Citations

Question 1

2016 intro all WR broken

Answer 1

Minix-Pardos et al., 2021

Question 2

Improve running economy up to 4%

Answer 2

Hoogkamer et al., 2018

Question 3

Mass, cushioning and longitudinal bending stiffness affect energy cost of running.
Lighter- reduce inertia of leg swing
Cushioning- reduce knee flexion
Overall- reduce muscular effort

Answer 3

Hoogkamer et al., 2018

Question 4

3 elements deviate from traditional running shoe:
-embedded CFP in sole
- midsole material
-midsole thickness

Answer 4

Burns & Tam 2020

Question 5

CFP increases longitudinal bending stiffness of shoe providing 1% improvement in RE. Runner reduces energy cost by limiting ROM of metatarsophalangeal

Answer 5

Stefanyshan & Nigg 1997
Stafanyshan & Fusco 2004

Question 6

Increasing stride length improves RE

Answer 6

Sleivert & Rowlands, 1996
Mooses et al., 2015

Question 7

Athletic shoe midsole is too compliant with much of force generated at MP joint being dissipated during running and jumping. This is countered by the CFP

Answer 7

Stefanyshan & Nigg 1997

Question 8

CFP stiffens joint and acts as lever to reduce work rate at ankle

Answer 8

Hoogkamer et al., 2018

Question 9

Modelling study proposed 6% improvement in RE as a result of rocker effect. Being able to move the body forward further and with less of an energy cost, increases max speed for user

Answer 9

Nigg et al,. 2020

Question 10

PEBA foam less dense that EVA, so Vaporfly benefits from increased thickness to midsole for cushioning without any extra weight

Answer 10

Burns & Tam 2020

Question 11

Adding mass to distal part of leg has a larger effect on metabolic cost, 0.75% decreased in RE with every 100g mass per shoe

Answer 11

Frederick et al,. 1984

Question 12

Increased mid sole thickness is proposed to reduce energy cost of running by 2.5% due to increased leg length, long and thinner legs contribute to improved moment of inertia and reduced muscular demand to move legs forward

Answer 12

Muniz-Pardos et., al 2021

Question 13

Combining improved compliance and cushioning with increased resilience of midsole will make for best running shoe with lightweight design

Answer 13

Hoogkamer et al., 2018

Question 14

Reports of ankle reversion from the shoes

Answer 14

Hunter et al., 2019

Question 15

No longitudinal studies advocating increased risk of injury due to more rigid insoles from CFPs

Answer 15

Sun et al., 2020

Question 16

Increased stiffness can benefit performance, while thicker and softer midsole can reduce impact forces

Answer 16

Sun et al., 2020

Question 17

Plantar flexors in ankle and intrinsic muscles in foot act to store and return energy during running

Answer 17

Bramah 2020

Question 18

Reduction in size, strength and loss of tendon stiffness could negatively impact performance in long term

Answer 18

Holowka et al., 2018
Zhang et al., 2018

Question 19

4% decrease in running energy cost is possible in other ways, as observed in a study examining the effects of a 14 week strength training program on the ankle plantar-flexor muscles

Answer 19

Albracht & Arampatiz, 2013