CFA Level 2 Flashcards - 2
Financial contagion
A situation in which financial shocks spread from their place of origin to other locales. In essence, a faltering economy infects other, healthier economies.
Independent regulators
Regulators recognized and granted authority by a government body or agency. They are not government agencies per se and typically do not rely on government funding.
Informational frictions
Forces that restrict availability, quality, and/or flow of information and its use.
Judicial law
Interpretations of courts.
Net regulatory burden
The private costs of regulation less the private benefits of regulation.
Procedural law
The body of law that focuses on the protection and enforcement of the substantive laws.
Prudential supervision
Regulation and monitoring of the safety and soundness of financial institutions to promote financial stability, reduce system-wide risks, and protect customers of financial institutions.
Regulatory arbitrage
Entities identify and use some aspect of regulations that allows them to exploit differences in economic substance and regulatory interpretation or in foreign and domestic regulatory regimes to their (the entities’) advantage.
Regulatory burden
The costs of regulation for the regulated entity.
Regulatory capture
Theory that regulation often arises to enhance the interests of the regulated.
Regulatory competition
Regulators may compete to provide a regulatory environment designed to attract certain entities.
Self-regulating organizations (SROs)
Self-regulating bodies that are given recognition and authority, including enforcement power, by a government body or agency.
Self-regulatory bodies
Private, non-governmental organizations that both represent and regulate their members. Some self-regulating organizations are also independent regulators.
Statutes
Laws enacted by legislative bodies.
Substantive law
The body of law that focuses on the rights and responsibilities of entities and relationships among entities.
Systemic risk
Refers to risks supervisory authorities believe are likely to have broad impact across the financial market infrastructure and affect a wide swath of market participants.
Downstream
A transaction between two related companies, an investor company (or a parent company) and an associate company (or a subsidiary) such that the investor company records a profit on its income statement. An example is a sale of inventory by the investor company to the associate or by a parent to a subsidiary company.
Upstream
A transaction between two related companies, an investor company (or a parent company) and an associate company (or a subsidiary company) such that the associate company records a profit on its income statement. An example is a sale of inventory by the associate to the investor company or by a subsidiary to a parent company.
Defined benefit pension plans
Plans in which the company promises to pay a certain annual amount (defined benefit) to the employee after retirement. The company bears the investment risk of the plan assets.
Defined contribution pension plans
Individual accounts to which an employee and typically the employer makes contributions during their working years and expect to draw on the accumulated funds at retirement. The employee bears the investment and inflation risk of the plan assets.
Exercise date
The date when employees actually exercise stock options and convert them to stock.
Grant date
The day that stock options are granted to employees.
Other post-employment benefits
Promises by the company to pay benefits in the future, such as life insurance premiums and all or part of health care insurance for its retirees.
Pension obligation
The present value of future benefits earned by employees for service provided to date.