cf Flashcards by Lili Elhon

What is the main organ of the human gas exchange system?

Lungs

The lungs are responsible for taking oxygen out of the air and putting waste carbon dioxide into the air.

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What process involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?

Gas exchange

In gas exchange, oxygen leaves the air and enters the blood while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air.

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Fill in the blank: The _______ is a muscle that contracts and moves downwards to increase lung volume during inhalation.

diaphragm

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What is the term for the movement of air in and out of the lungs?

Ventilation

Ventilation is essential for breathing and involves inhalation and exhalation.

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What is the pulse rate a measure of?

The number of times the heart beats in a minute

The pulse can be felt in arteries.

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What is the role of red blood cells?

To carry oxygen

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds to oxygen.

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State where blood cells are produced.

Bone marrow

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What is the function of white blood cells?

To fight microorganisms

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True or False: The circulatory system is responsible for carrying oxygen and food around the body.

True

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What do antagonistic muscles do?

They pull a bone in opposite directions

Antagonistic pairs are essential for joint movement.

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What is the definition of respiration?

A process in which energy is released from substances

Respiration is crucial for all organisms.

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What are the two types of joints called?

Fixed joints and flexible joints

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Fill in the blank: The _______ is the organ that pumps blood.

heart

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What is the main function of the liver?

To make and destroy substances in the body and store some substances

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What substance carries oxygen in red blood cells?

Hemoglobin

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What is the liquid part of the blood called?

Plasma

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What are the short-term effects of stimulants on reaction time?

They increase the speed at which nerves carry impulses

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What type of drug is caffeine?

A stimulant

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What is the definition of a depressant?

Drugs that decrease the speed at which nerves carry impulses

Alcohol is an example of a depressant.

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What is the role of the nervous system?

To control the body and respond to stimuli

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Fill in the blank: The _______ is the structure that supports an organism and gives it shape.

skeleton

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What is the basic unit of all life?

Cell

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Define the term ‘adaptation’ in a biological context.

Features that allow an organism to perform its job or survive

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What is the function of the kidneys?

To clean the blood and make urine

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What is the role of cartilage?

To provide support and reduce friction at joints

What is the name of the small bones that make up the backbone?

Vertebrae

What is an ethical question in scientific research?

A question about what is fair, right, or wrong

What does the scientific method involve?

A sequence of steps to suggest and test ideas in investigations

What is nicotine?

An addictive drug found in tobacco smoke.

What is reaction time?

The time it takes you to respond to things happening around you.

Define recreational drugs.

Drugs used for their mind-altering effects rather than as a medicine.

What are side effects?

Harmful or unpleasant effects caused by drugs.

What are solvents?

Liquids used to dissolve things.

What are stimulants?

Drugs that increase the speed at which nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine.

Define substance abuse.

Another term for ‘substance misuse’.

What is substance misuse?

Taking any substance in a way that causes harm to the body.

What is the locomotor system?

Consists of bones and muscles and lets you move.

What is the function of bones?

Protects organs, supports the body, and allows movement.

What is bone marrow?

The hollow center of bones where blood cells are made.

What are antagonistic pairs?

Pairs of muscles that pull bones in opposite directions.

How do muscles contract?

One muscle contracts to pull a bone while the other muscle relaxes.

What is the role of the nervous system in muscle action?

Controls muscle contractions through impulses from the brain.

What is respiration?

The process that releases energy and produces carbon dioxide.

What is gas exchange?

The process where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

It moves to change the volume of the lungs during breathing.

What are capillaries?

Blood vessels with very thin walls that allow oxygen and nutrients to leave the blood.

What are depressants?

Drugs that slow down the nervous system, e.g. alcohol, heroin.

What is the function of red blood cells?

Carry oxygen in the blood.

Fill in the blank: Drugs that speed up the nervous system are called _______.

stimulants

What is a pulse?

The pumping of the heart felt in arteries.

True or False: All drugs have harmful side effects.

False

What is the main function of the skeleton?

Protection, support, and movement.

What happens when heart muscle tissue contracts?

Blood is forced back out of the heart.

What are the two main types of drugs based on their effects on the nervous system?

* Stimulants * Depressants

What is the role of plasma in blood?

Carries nutrients and oxygen to the muscles.

What is the basic unit of muscle contraction?

Muscle cells that can shorten to produce a pulling force.

What is the significance of the hollow structure of red blood cells?

Allows for more surface area for oxygen absorption.

Fill in the blank: The gas that leaves the blood during gas exchange is _______.

carbon dioxide

What is the main waste product from respiration?

Carbon dioxide

What is ventilation?

When air moves into and out of the lungs.

Define gas exchange.

When oxygen enters blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

What is respiration?

The cell process that releases energy and produces carbon dioxide.

What is excretion?

When waste substances leave the body.

How are gases carried around the body?

In the blood.

What constitutes the breathing/respiratory/gas exchange system?

Any two suitable: heart, blood vessel/artery/vein.

What happens when cells contract?

They get shorter and then relax, causing the ribs to move.

What occurs when air enters the lungs?

A – air enters the lungs.

What happens when muscles in the diaphragm contract?

The diaphragm moves downwards.

How many times does blood pass through the heart for each circulation?

Twice.

What does the heart do to push blood?

It contracts.

Which side of the heart pushes harder?

The left side.

Where does blood pass through after the heart?

Through the lungs back to the heart.

Where are blood cells produced?

In bone marrow.

What are the components of blood?

* Plasma * Red blood cells * White blood cells

What is a characteristic of arteries?

Has a thick muscular wall and tough outer layer.

What distinguishes veins from arteries?

Very thin wall.

What is the significance of a large space inside a vein?

So blood at low pressure can flow easily.

What are fixed joints in the skull responsible for?

Holding the bones of the skull together tightly for protection of the brain.

What is the function of bone structure?

* To withstand forces from support/movement. * To be easy to move.

What is the outer and inner structure of bones?

* Strong compact bone on the outside * Light spongy bone inside.

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Hinge joint.

What type of joint is found in the hip and shoulder?

Ball and socket joint.

What happens to muscles when they contract?

They pull on bones.

What do electrical impulses from the brain do?

Cause some muscles to contract.

What is required to provide energy for muscle contraction?

Energy from respiration.

Why does a relaxed muscle need to be stretched?

So it is ready to contract again.

What are the characteristics of artificial limbs?

* Strong * Light * Hard * Breakable * Make blood cells * Grow with age (up to adulthood) * Repair themselves.

What is a key difference between real bones and artificial limbs?

Real bones can grow/repair themselves because they are living.

What do depressants do to reaction time?

Make reaction time longer.

What is the effect of stimulants on the nervous system?

Speed up reactions.

What can non-scientific questions depend on?

Each person's view.

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Carries oxygen.

What is a characteristic of white blood cells?

Help fight infections.

What happens to muscle cells during exercise?

They need more oxygen for respiration.

What can increase the size and strength of muscles?

Drugs.

What is a potential danger of using depressants?

They can be dangerous in situations where fast reactions are needed.