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SPINE > Cervical Spine Pathology and Exam > Flashcards

Cervical Spine Pathology and Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Canadian Cervical Spine Rule Low Risk

A
  • able to sit in the ER
  • simple rear-end MVA
  • Ambulatory at any time
  • delayed onset of pain
  • do not have midline cervical spine tenderness
  • AROM 45’ cervical rot B
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2
Q

Canadian Cervical Spine Rule-High Risk

A

need radiograph
>65 years old
-dangerous mechanism of injury
-paraethesias in the extremities

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3
Q

Observation

A 
Forward Head?
Protruded shoulders?
Head in midline?
--lateral shift
Are the shoulders level?
Normal Spinal Curvature?
Posture?
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4
Q

Check for Instability

ALAR ligament Test

A

test position of C1 and C2 relative to occiput
when you S/B or ROT head, it tightens the alar ligament to make C2 move
–to perform
–fingertips on either side of C2
–S/B head or rotate head right and SP should move left
Positive test=no movement (immediate referral!)

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5
Q

Sharp Purser Test

A

Checks for instability between C1 and C2 (transverse ligament)
-To perform:
Hold C2 SP in a pincer grip
-Have pt bend head forward
-Hook their forehead with the palm of other hand or with elbow
-Compress two hands to push head straight back towards C2 with head still flexed
Positive test symptoms with flexion, relieved with AP or excessive movement

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6
Q

VBI Testing

A

Test the integrity of the vertebral artery on the opposite side of the direction that the head is S/B and ROT towards
–Testing position : the pt is supine with head supported off the edge of the plinth, eyes open

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7
Q

To perform VBI testing

A
  • Head is brought into full passive EXT-hold for 10+ sec
  • Then, add on head sideband hold for another 10+sec
  • Pt is asked how he feels at the end of each step
  • check on both sides
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8
Q

Examination Overview for Cervical Spine

A 
Subjective Exam
-area and behavior of pain
-History
Objective Exam
-observation 
-ligamentous stability
---safety concern
-VBI testing
--safety concern
Objective Exam
Clear related joints
AROM/ROM with OP
Neuro Screen
PPIVM's
PAIVM's
Special Tests
Palpation
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9
Q

Pain Assessment

A 
Area of Pain
-location 
-referral sites
Behavior of Pain
-TIme of day
-Irritability
Numeric Rating Scale
Neck Disability Index
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10
Q

Cervical Spine History

A 
Occupation? Typical Positions?
Mechanism of Injury?
Radiation of pain? Paresthesia?
Previous injuries?
Aggrivating/relieving factors?
Diagnostic imaging?
Medications?
General health?
Sleeping Positions?
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11
Q

History

A

Headaches?
mouth-breather? occluded nasal breathing?
Pain with laughing, coughing, sneezing?
Swallowing or voice changes?
Vision problems> Dizziness? Faintness? Seizures?
Bilateral symptoms?
Sympathetic symptoms> Bowel/ Bladder function?
Systems Review
**Choice questions that are most relevant to the patient.

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12
Q

History Continued

A 
Systems Review
-Unexplained weight loss
-evidence of 2-3 nerve root involvement
Increasing number of painful regions
-visual disturbances
-Horner's syndrome--drooping of the eyelid, constriction of the pupil
-gradual onset of symptoms
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13
Q

Canadian Cervical Spine Rule

A

Low Risk

  • able to sit in the ER
  • simple rear-end MVA
  • ambulatory at any time
  • Delayed onset of pain
  • Do NOT have midline cervical spine tenderness
  • AROM 45’ cervical rot B
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14
Q

VBI Testing Positive Signs

A 
Dizziness
Nystagmus
Slurring of speech
blurred vision
Unconsciousness
nausea
numbness
-Positive Signs-condraindication to traction or mobilization
-Proceed in examination with caution-referral to physician may be required.
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15
Q

VBI testing

A

To differentiate between dizziness related to VBI insufficiency or vestibular problem:

  1. with patient sitting/standing, hold the pt’s head still and have them rotate their body
  2. If dizziness still occurs, it is probably a vascular problem and not a vestibular problem
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16
Q

AROM

A 
Flexion (45-50')
-mouth should be closed
Extension (85') 
-mouth should be relaxed
Side-bending (40')
Capsular Pattern ROT=SB>EXT>FL (full)
Perform movement, apply overpressure if no pain 
If pain is not reproduced, consider combined motion testing
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17
Q

AROM

A

Differentiate between upper and lower C/S (see following slides for pictures) If no pain, apply overpressure:

  • Upper C/S flexion
  • Lower C/S flexion
  • Combined C/S Flexion
  • Upper C/S Extension
  • Lower C/S Extension
  • Combined C/S Extension
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18
Q

C/S Flexion

A

Upper c/s flexion

chin retraction with slight head nod

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19
Q

Lower C/S Flexion

A

Retract the Chin and bend whole head forward

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20
Q

Upper C/S Extension

A

Chin protraction with slight upward head nod

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21
Q

Lower C/S Extension

A

Retract chin and bend entire head backwards

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22
Q

Neuro Screen

A

Dermatomes
c4: tip of acromion
c5: radial styloid process or lateral epicondyle
c6 tip of thumb and index fingers
c7: tip of long and rin fingers
c8: tip of ring finger and little finger
t1: ulnar styloid process or medial epcondyle

23
Q

Myotomes:

A

c4L shoulder shrugs

c5: shoulder abduction
c6: elbow flexion and wrist extension
c7: elbow extension and wrist flexion
c8: thumb extension
t1: finger adduction and abduction

24
Q

DTR’s

A

c5: biceps reflex
c6: brachioradialis reflex
c7: triceps reflex

25
Q

Passive Physiologic Inter-vertebral movements (PPIVMS)

A 
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Side-Bending
Side Glide
26
Q

Passive Physiologic Flexion

A 
– Headsupported
posteriorly withfingers
andanteriorly with
thumbs
– Headispassivelyflexed
uptopointoffirstpain
–Palpateinterspacesformotion
27
Q

Passive Physiologic Extension

A
  • Supported posteriorly with fingers and anteriorly with thumbs
  • Head is passively extended
28
Q

Passive Physiologic Rotation

A

-Head is passively rotated with one hand while the other hand aids rotation at the articular pilars

29
Q

Passive Physiologic Side-Bending

A
  • Cradle the occiput with on ehand
  • Radial boarder if 1st digit on the other hand is held against posterior articular pillar (serves as a fulcrum)
  • Head is passively sidebent over hand
30
Q

Passive Physiologic Side glides

A
  • Head is held with one hand on each side of the neck
  • Radial boarder of 1st digit on other hand is held against posterior articular pillar (serves as a fulcrum)
  • Head is passively sidebent over hand
31
Q

Passive Physiologic Side Glides

A
  • Head is help with one hand on each side of the neck
  • Radial boarder of 1st digit on each hand is held against posterior articular pillar
  • Translation forces are applied in alternating directions, working down the neck (can also do one side a ta time)
32
Q

Passive Accessory Inter-vertebral Movements (PAVIMS)

A

CPA
UPA
Transverse Pressures

33
Q

CPA’s

A
  • method 1: patient is prone on low plinth. Start at c2 and work down to c7. Push on downward, diagonal direction (towards chin) with one thumb laid over the other, assessing amount of motion
  • Method 2: (gentler technique): Patient is supine on plinth. C grip with index finger and thumb on articular pillars, palm supporting occiput. Shoulder is on forehead. Motion is into extension with downward pressure at forehead and upward pressure at articular pillars. Equal pressure is applied.
34
Q

UPA’s

A
  • Patient is prone on the plinth
  • move muscle bulk either medially or laterally (don’t push directly through it)
  • Apply pressure over lateral facet joints, by pushing in downward, diagonal direction (towards chin) with one thumb over the other
35
Q

Transverse Pressures

A
  • plinth is higher
  • Stance with one foot forward
  • arms are relatively extended with one thumb over the other on side of SP.
  • Pressure is in horizontal direction, relatively parallel to the floor.
36
Q

Special Test

A 
Quadrant
Spurling
Cervical Compression and Distraction
Swallowing Tests
Thoracic OutletL Adson/ Roos/ Allen Tests
Cervicogenic Headache
-Flexion Rotation
-Segmental Differentation
37
Q

Quadrant Test

A

To perform LOWER quadrant test:

  • Assess for VBI id not performed previously
  • Patient is sitting
  • Head is passively extended, S/B and ROT (to the same side) with added axial compression at the exd (10 sec pause between each movement)
38
Q

Spurling’s Test

A
  • Pt is sitting
  • Axial Load is applied through spine to assess for increase in symptoms
  • If negative, the patient is then asked to sidebend, if no symptoms then an axial load is applied and symptoms re-assessed
  • Positive Sign=Radicular symptoms into UE
  • Indicates: spondylosis, HNP, osteophytes
39
Q

Cervical Compression

A

TO perform
-Pt is in supine or sitting
-Press down on the top of the patient head
May send referred symptoms into the UE’s
(+)sign is pain in the cervical refion or UE’s
Painful test may indicate: nerve root irritation, disc herniation, facet inflammation, fracture

40
Q

Cervical Distraction

A

Positive test = minimize-pain relieves numbness/tingling
To perform=
-patient is sitting
-grip mastoid process using thenar eminences
-pull upward maintaining firm pressure
Increase symptoms may indicate: large HNP, dural irritability, muscle spasm, ligament tear

41
Q

Upper Limb Tension Test

A 
Pt: Supine
Depress the shoulder girdle
Extend the wrist and fingers
Supinate the forearm
Abduct the shoulder 110' the externally rotate
Extend the elbow
42
Q

Wainner’s Clinical Prediction Rule

A

Highest specificity with cluster of 4 tests:
-medial nerve symptoms with neural tension testing
-Increased sighs with Spurling’s Test
-Decreased signs with distraction
-Ipsilateral c-spine rotation less than 60’
4 out of 4 SN=24’ SP=99’
3 out of 4 SN= 39’ SP= 94’

43
Q

Swallowing Test

A

Ask the patient is they have difficulty swallowing
- (+) sign=difficulty or pain while swallowing (indicated C/S pathology sich as boney protuberances, osteophytes, or soft tissue swelling)
Palpate hyoid bone for lack of elevation or excessive protraction during swallowing

44
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

Adson’s Test
Pt is seated with arm at 15’ of ABD
PT palpates radial pulse
Pt inhales and holds breath
Pt tilts head back and rotates head toward ipsilateral side
(+) Sign=Diminished/Absent pulse or Parethesia

45
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Roo’s Test

A
  • Pt is seated with arm in 90 deg of shoulder ABD and 90 deg of elbow flexion
  • Pt performs finger FL/EXT for 3 minutes
  • (+) sign=diminished/absent radial pulse, pain, heaviness, numbness, tingling, inability to maintain position
46
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Allen’s Test)

A
  • Pt is seated
  • Elbow is flexed to 90deg and shoulder is ABD and ER
  • Patient turns head to contralateral side
  • (+) sign= diminished/absent pulse
47
Q

First Rib Spring Test

A
  • Pt lies supine
  • Passively rotate the pt’s head toward side to be tested
  • contact the first rib with 2MCP and apply a inferior /anterior force toward opposite hip
  • Positive test decreased mobility, concordant symptoms
48
Q

Cervical Rotation Lateral Flexion Test

A

Pt is seated
-Passively rotation the pt’s head away from side to be tested
-Sidebend the head (ear to sternum)
Positive test=restricted motion, tests contralateral rib

49
Q

Cervicogenic Headache

A

Ask patient if they have a headache
-is it in suboccipital muscles?
-does it radiate up behind the eye?
Perform flexion/rotation test (see following slides)
–Helps determine which c/s level is causing the problem

50
Q

Flexion Rotation

A

Tests mobility at the C1-2 level

  • Pt is supine
  • Passively flex head until the chin is near manubrium (both upper and lower C/S flexion)
  • Grip head and rotate it in both directions
  • (+) Sign restricted motion on one side (>10 deg) or headache on ipsilateral side
51
Q

Upper Cervical Segmental Differentiation

A

Determine which UCS level is symptomatic:

  • first, find the posterior arch of c1 (3finger widths lateral from external occipital protuberance) Perform a UPA over this arch to assess O-C1
  • Perform a UPA over the C2 articular pillar. This assesses the C2-3 level
  • Have the pt rotates their head 30deg. Perform a UPA over the C2 articular pillar on the ipsilateral side. This assesses the C1-2 level (the rotation takes up the slack at that level which causes the movement to occur at c1-c2)
  • (+) SIGN=pain and hypomobility (the problem may be at multiple segments!)
52
Q

Palpation

Anterior

A
  • hyoid bone
  • cricoid cartilage
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • manubrium
  • sternocleidomastoid
53
Q

Palpation

Posterior

A
  • External Occipital Protuberance
  • Superior Nuchal Line
  • Mastoid Process
  • Transverse Processes
  • Posterior Arch of C1
  • Articular Pillars and facet joints
  • Spinous Processes
54
Q

Palpation

Musculature

A
  • Trapezius
  • Suboccipitals
  • Levator Scapulae
  • Anterior and Middle Scalenes

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