Cervical and thoracic spine

Question 1

Facet ortientation

Answer 1

Cervical- coronal 45
Thoracic- coronal 60

Question 2

Occipito-atlanto Jt- roll and slide mechanism

Answer 2

Convex-concave surface movement, the convex surface rolls and slides in opposite directions
Helps maintain articular surface contact + Jt congruity through ROM

Concave- atlas facet
Convex- Flexion- occipital facets rolls ant slides posteriorly
Occiput is active
Atlas C1 is passive

Question 3

Kinetic principles of roll and slide

Answer 3

Relative motion between two adjacent vertebra during movement
Roll- rotational movement of one vertebra on another (smooth, and controlled)
Slide- translation movement of one on another, horizontal shift (helps distribute forces evenly across Jt surface)

Contact points- multiple between articular surfaces and adjacent vertebra, change their position to move neck through diff movements
Force transmission is equal- prevents excess stress on specific area during movement
Synovial fluid- reduces friction

Question 4

Kinetic principles of levers

Answer 4

123
FLE

Question 5

Types of force affecting cervical spine

Answer 5

Tension
Compression
Bending
Shear
Torsion
Combined loading

Capable to perform multiple vectors and deal with all forces simultaneously

Question 6

Neurological spinal points of vulnerability

Answer 6

Spinal cord- injury
Ant/post nerve roots- from spinal nerve
Intervertebral foramen- spinal nerves exits
Changes to posture (leaning forward)- dec size of foramina space (may compress nerve as it exits). Causes tightness of paraspinal muscles to compensate change in posture

Question 7

Neurological control mechanisms

Answer 7

Extrapyramidal system- control muscle tone and posture. Maintain postural equilibrium via active adaption
Basal ganglia- smooth out motor behind and inhibit unwanted movements
Sensory feedback- is via visual, vestibular and proprioceptive mechanisms

Question 8

Breathing mechanics

Answer 8

Tsp provides secure attachments for ribs to articulate during breathing
T1-6 pump handle
T7-10 bucket handle
T11-12 calliper

Question 9

Breathing patterns/chest shapes

Answer 9

Children- from stomach
Women- upper chest
Men- through chest
Elderly- stomach

Question 10

How does hyperinflation disrupt breathing mechanics

Answer 10

Can be caused by asthma
Asthma- can’t breathe in properly, therefore can’t breathe out
Develop barrel chest which hyper inflates lungs, leading to hyperextension of ribs, which stretches intercostal muscles
Stretching intercostals beyond their capacity will allow recoil back to previous state, causing ribs to relaxing and improving ability to breathe

Question 11

Impact working posture has on breathing mechanics

Answer 11

Can reduce thoracic mobility- may compress rib cage, limiting its ability to properly expand during breathing = shallow, restricted breathing
Interconnected muscles and alignments- working posture may shorten muscles (e.g., scalenes), altered breathing as don’t function correctly
Restricted lung expansion- can restrict expansion of lungs reducing amount of air that can be inhaled
Breathing patterns- can change ratio of inhalation to exhalation, as well as depth of breathing