Certification Test Flashcards
Red Hat-based systems use what package file format and what management tools?
The package file format is rpm.
The package management tool is yum (or dnf, in the case of Fedora).
What command could you use to create a new empty directory named “Test” in your current working directory?
mkdir Test
The CentOS Linux distribution is based on what other distribution?
Red Hat
NGINX and Apache are two common open-source ___ _______.
Web servers
What is the difference between permissive and copyleft?
Copyleft is more restrictive in terms of licensing derivative works.
Would you use a standard release or a rolling release distribution for an enterprise Linux server installation?
Standard
What would the following line do if placed in a shell script?
rm -rf *
Nothing — it’s a comment ;-)
What does FLOSS stand for?
Free Libre Open-Source Software
What does ‘cloud_user@ip-10-0-1-10 $’ in the console mean?
The user cloud_user is logged into the host ip-10-0-1-10, and the shell is running with normal user privileges ($) and ready for commands.
What command could you use to reference the documentation of a CLI utility?
man or info, followed by the utility name
To what variable would you add the path to a shell script so you could execute it without referencing the path?
$PATH
What source does a Linux distribution typically use for installations?
The distribution’s software repository.
Does the useradd command create the home directory by default?
No.
useradd merely sets the home directory in /etc/passwd; it doesn’t create it by default.
What command could you use to display command history?
history
What provides the basic utilities expected to exist on an operating system?
The GNU Core utilities
What can dpkg-based systems use for package management?
apt
What is the basic format of a for loop?
for VARIABLE in SOMETHING
do COMMANDS
done
Which utility can be used to search for a pattern or string?
grep
Which utility can be used to count the number of words in a file?
wc
What is the basic format of an if statement?
if [ SOME_TEST ]
then
SOME_COMMANDS
fi
How is Linux provisioned in the cloud?
Through the Linux images supplied by the cloud provider.
What command would you use to open the info page for ls?
info ls
What command would you use to see all of the contents (but not ownership, permissions, ., or ..) of /tmp?
ls -A /tmp
How can a regular user elevate permissions for a particular command (if granted the ability in the /etc/sudoers file)?
sudo
What do we call the collection of data centers that provide compute, application, and storage services over the internet?
The cloud!
GPL is an example of what type of license?
Copyleft
How could you hide the file “file” from being shown in a directory listing?
Change it to .file
Which utilities can be used to print the contents of a file to the screen?
cat
less
more
What method/protocol do we use to securely connect to a remote Linux server?
SSH (Secure Shell)
An IP address can be assigned as static or ____.
DHCP
Would you use Samba or NFS to share files with Windows users?
Samba. (Samba is a file sharing service that uses CIFS for compatibility with Windows devices.)
What command could you use to create a new empty file named “file1” in your current working directory?
touch file1
What happens to a symbolic link if the target file is moved or deleted?
Nothing; the link persists but the old destination is no longer reachable.
What command(s) could you use to view all running processes?
ps aux
ps -eF
(lots of other options)
What command could you use to create a new directory called “Test” in the /tmp folder?
mkdir /tmp/Test
What commands could you use to resolve www.example.com to an IP address?
host www.example.com
dig www.example.com
What directory’s contents are cleared upon system boot?
/tmp
Shell scripts start with what sequence?
!
Name two popular open-source web servers.
Apache
NGINX
Is ../../tmp a relative or absolute path?
Relative
What is a PID?
A PID is a process ID and is an integer.
Which utility (by default) displays the last 10 lines of its input?
tail
When a symbolic link’s target is deleted, the link…
stays but no longer works.
Does everyone have execute permission on a file if it is given 755 permissions?
Yes, 755 is rwxr-xr-x.
What open-source application might you use for a presentation?
Impress (OpenOffice or LibreOffice)
What can rpm-based systems use for package management?
yum
dnf
What would you type to save and quit a file that is open in vim?
:wq
Raspberry Pi is what type of Linux system?
Embedded
What would the following command do to the file archive.tar in your current working directory?
tar xvf archive.tar
tar xvf will extract (verbosely) the file archive.tar
What command could you use to view motherboard information?
dmidecode
What utility can you preface a command with to execute with elevated privileges?
sudo
What does FSF stand for?
Free Software Foundation
How is Linux installed in a virtualized environment?
Typically through conventional means, from installation media onto the abstracted bare metal.
For a user to be able to enter a directory, what level of access must they have?
Execute
The Linux kernel, GNU core, X server, and GUI comprise a Linux ____________.
Distribution
The X server and GUI are optional.
What command would you use to list all files in a directory and nothing else
ls -a
What happens to files in /var/tmp upon system boot?
Nothing. The contents of /tmp are cleared upon system boot, but the contents of /var/tmp are not.
What command could you use to unpack ./archive.tar?
tar xf ./archive.tar
What environment variable is used for the shell prompt?
$PS1
When an open-source license is written such that any derivative works must use the same license, we call this ________.
Copyleft
In what folder will you find system logs?
/var/log
What would you use GIMP for?
Drawing and image editing
All shell scripts start with what two characters?
The shebang: #!
Where did MariaDB come from, and what is it?
MariaDB was forked from MySQL as a database server application.
What command could you use to remove all files starting with the text “file_” from the /tmp directory?
rm /tmp/file_*
What is the difference between a system user and a regular user?
Apart from system users having a lower UID, system users normally don’t have a login shell.
What command will create the user ‘tester’ and the home directory at the same time with defaults
useradd -m tester
What do permissions of 644 mean?
User: Read and write
Group: Read
Everyone: Read
What are OwnCloud and NextCloud?
OwnCloud and NextCloud are open-source cloud applications that function like DropBox.
What command could you use to unpack the gzip-compressed archive ./archive.tgz?
tar xzf ./archive.tgz
What is a popular open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation?
Firefox
How might you prevent a browser from storing cookies and caching user data?
Use the browser’s private mode.
What command could you use to view kernel messages?
dmesg
What commands could you use to see the group membership of the user cloud_user?
groups cloud_user
id cloud_user
cat /etc/group | grep cloud_user
Unity, GNOME, and KDE are all examples of what?
Linux desktop environments
What is the passwd command used for?
passwd is used for changing passwords and locking accounts.
What command would you use to print the current working directory to the screen?
pwd
What option would you use with ls to show permissions and ownership?
-l
When a symbolic link’s target is moved, the link…
stays but no longer works.
What is the name of a popular open-source web browser?
Firefox
Debian-based systems use what package file format and what management tools?
The package file format is dpkg.
The package management tool is apt.
What command would you use to open the man page for ls?
man ls
Root always has a UID of what?
0
What will the following command do to the existing file “file1” in your current working directory?
echo “” > file1
It will replace it with an empty file. To append to a file, you would want to use»_space;.
What are some common open-source programming languages?
C Java Javascript Perl Python PHP
In what root-level directory would you find folders for every running PID on the system?
/proc
Open-source licensing and freedom (in terms of both use and cost) are permitting Linux to grow rapidly in the _____ and in ______________.
Cloud and virtualization
What command(s) could you use to view your IP address?
ifconfig
ip addr show
nmcli (if running NetworkManager)
Which utility (by default) displays the first 10 lines of its input?
head
When one open-source project is copied to form a new parallel project, we call that _______.
Forking
What regular expression symbol would you use to match zero or one character?
? will match zero or one of the preceding characters.
“Ap?le” would match “Ale” but not “Apple” (two p’s). “App?le” would match “Apple”.
What does the following command do?
ip route show
‘ip route show’ displays the routing table.
What is the PATH environment variable used for?
The PATH variable is the list of directories the shell will search for executables.
What option would you use with the passwd command to lock an account?
-l
What is the philosophical difference between OSI and FSF?
The FSF focuses on the ethics and rights restrictions of the software license over the practical benefits of the software itself.
What Linux distribution serves as the foundation for Ubuntu?
Debian
Which came first, OpenOffice or LibreOffice?
LibreOffice is a fork of OpenOffice; OpenOffice came first.
What command would you use to delete the user ‘tester’?
userdel tester
What command(s) could you use to create a new and empty file named “newfile” in the current working directory?
touch newfile
echo “” > newfile
What is the UID of the root user?
0
What file could you edit to map IP addresses to host names?
/etc/hosts
What command could you use to view information about the system’s processor?
cat /proc/cpuinfo
What is the default interpreter used on most Linux systems?
Bash (Bourne-Again Shell
Are user passwords stored in /etc/passwd?
No. The hashes are stored in /etc/shadow.
What is the purpose of a free-software license?
To establish the terms of modification and redistribution.
What is the exit code of a command that ran successfully?
0
