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Pierce Results System > Cert Test > Flashcards

Cert Test Flashcards

1
Q

Who did Dr. Pierce Sr. collaborate with in making of the DTG instrument

A

Stillwagon

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2
Q

What does DTG stand for

A

Dermo-Thermo-graph

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3
Q

T/F

Increase in Parasympatheic response indicates Hotter readings

A

True

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4
Q

T/F

Increase in Sympathetic response indicates colder respsonse

A

True

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5
Q

How many Probes does the DTG have? how many does the Tytron have ?

A

One for DTG

Two for Tytron

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6
Q

Does the Pierce Results System use pattern or break analysis

A

pattern

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7
Q

is the tyrton scan time dependent or time sensitive

what about the DTG

A

Tyrton is time sensitive

DTG is time dependent

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8
Q

what is the ideal skin temperature of the human body

A

93.5

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9
Q

List some examples of conditions that lead to a bad or altered thermal instrument reading

A
  • smoking
  • taking a shower before visit
  • exercising before
  • heated car seats
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10
Q

What are the five Major listings in the pelvis

A
  1. sacrum
  2. Posterior inferior (PI) Pelvis
  3. Anterior Superior (AS) Pelvis
  4. Internal Rotation (IN) of the ilium
  5. External Rotation (EX) of the ilium
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11
Q

Patient education line starts from the ____ to the middle of ___

A
  • anterior tubercle

- T2

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12
Q

George’s line should be a ____ line on the back of the vertebral bodies

A
  • curved
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13
Q

Atlas angles:

  • Inferior(-)
  • Inferior
  • Normal
  • Superior (+)
  • Superior (++)
A
  • inferior 18<
  • normal 18 - 24
  • Superior + 24- 30 mm
  • Superior ++ > 30 mm
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14
Q

what is the normal Z angle

A

45 degrees

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15
Q

what is the normal rang for the z angle

A

35-55 degrees

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16
Q

what is the z angle determine in an x- ray analysis

(2 things)

A

determines if the neck can be returned to the actual normal curve .. also determines line of drive for the adjustment of the particular vertebrae

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17
Q

What is the whitehorn’s angle

A

line at the bottom of the body of the axis

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18
Q

what is considered a 0 degree whitehorns

A

when the body of the axis is parallel to the floor (normal)

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19
Q

what is considered normal for the axis relating to the whitehorns angle

A

either body of axis parallel to the floor or slight posterior and inferior

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20
Q

if the odontoid of axis is tilted forward, and the second line is drawn parallel to the floor and touch the most inferior tip of body which is the anterior portion … is this a negative or positive whitehorn’s angle?

A

Negative

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21
Q

if the odontoid of axis is tilted posterior and the line is drawn with it touching the posterior, inferior tip of the axis of the body … is this a negative or positive whitehorn’s angle

A

positive

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22
Q

normal whitehorns
positive whitehorns
negative whtehorns

A

0 degrees
+ 12 degrees
- 12 degrees

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23
Q

T/F

A positive whitehorn’s is associated with a kyphotic neck

A

False

negative whitehorns- if the angle is formed below the line drawn parallel with the bottom of the film

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24
Q

T/F

A positive whitehorn’s is associated with hyperkyphotic or combination cervical spine

A

true

if the angle is formed above the parallel line

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25
Q

What should George’s line measure on a normal neck?

  • military?
  • lordotic
  • kyphotic
A
  • normal =17cm
  • military = 500 cm
  • anything +
  • anything -
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26
Q

T/F

The Gravity weight line should approximate between C3/C4 disc space

A

False

C4/C5

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27
Q

Deviation of the gravity weight line ____ will anteriorly load the cervical spine and deviation of the line ___ will posteriorly load the cervical spine

A
  • anteriorly

- posteriorly

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28
Q

Atlas angles:

  • Superior ++
  • Superior +
  • Superior (N)
  • Inferior
  • Inferior -
A
  • > 30 degrees
  • 24- 30 degrees
  • 18 - 24 degrees
  • 0- 18 degrees
  • < 0 degrees
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29
Q

A ___ will be a point on a cervical x- ray, where a curve or a straight line changes direction or becomes a different angle

A
  • Kink ( or vector intersection)
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30
Q

When the atlas is on an ____ tilt and no vertebral bodies are touching the + 17 cm arc .. this is considered a total involvement

A

inferior tilt

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31
Q

T/F
A partial involvement in the cervical spine is when the atlas is on a inferior tilt and some of the vertebrae touch the normal +17 cm arc

A

False
it is when the atlas is on a superior tilt
( Total involvement would be on a inferior tilt)

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32
Q

List the reasons to use the axis/ cervical ruler

A
  1. to determine laterality of the atlas and the position of axis
  2. measure all angles
  3. to bisect the foramen magnum
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33
Q

List the characteristics of a normal lateral cervical view

A
    • 17cm curve with the anterior portion of bodies (C2-T2) sitting on the line
  2. George’s line being a + 17 cm curve
  3. Atlas with superior tilt ( 18 - 24 degrees)
  4. Atlas 50/50
  5. Axis with 0 degree whitehorn’s
  6. Z angle between 35- 55 degrees (normal 45)
  7. all discs space uniformed without spurring
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34
Q

T/F

A lordotic neck is considered the most common of all subluxations and the easiest to correct

A

False

I was describing a Kyphotic neck

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35
Q

What is typical in a kyphotic patient?

A

they usually had only one accident and never has been under chiropractic care

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36
Q

In most cases with kyphotic necks, the ____ cervical is the major problem

A
  • 5th cervical
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37
Q

A Kyphotic neck consists of:

A
  1. reversed cervical curve
  2. a NEGATIVE axis angle/ whitehorne’s (-15)
  3. atlas loses the superior tilt and begins to go inferior in a complete reverse
  4. Decrease in the normal potential ruler of more than + 17 cm up to + 500 cm ( then reverses from - 500 cm to a complete - 17cm curve)
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38
Q

Which type of neck is usually found in patients who have experienced numerous accidents or patients that have been in long term chiropractic patients.

A

Combination Necks

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39
Q

T/F

with a combination neck there will be two curves forming a definite kink

A

True

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40
Q

T/F

in a combination neck a kink usually occurs between 5th and 6th cervicals and very seldom between 3rd and 4th cervicals

A

False
it seldom occurs between 5th and 6th
usually occurs between 3rd and 4th
occasionally between 4th and 5th

41
Q

with the combination neck, the double problem must be corrected in a proper order … explain the proper order for this type of neck

A
  • the lower problem must be corrected first
  • usually the lower locking occurs between 4th, 5th or 6th
  • must verify by a lateral flexion and extension view
  • After correction of the lower curve, must take a post x- ray
42
Q

Combination neck consists of:

A
  1. double problem ( correct lower curve first the upper)
  2. has two curves creating kinks
  3. has an upper cervical curve that usually fits on the normal + 17 cm curve , but lower curve is greater than + 17 cm or straight or kyphotic
  4. Has a Superior + Atlas angle
  5. Has a positive Whitehorn’s Angle
43
Q

After correction of the lower curve in a combination neck and post x- ray is given, what usually is seen in the post x- ray?

A

the upper cervical will appear to have lordotic curve

44
Q

T/F

There are very few lordotic necks. They are usually found in the very young or very old patients

A

True

45
Q

T/F

In a lordotic neck (axis major) the real problem being anteriority of atlas, axis and third cervical

A

False

will be a posteriority

46
Q

The rule of a lordotic neck ( Axis major adjustment) is:

A
  1. Superior + or Superior ++ atlas

2. Positive whitehorne’s axis angle

47
Q

The lordotic neck characteristics are:

A
  1. a hyperlordotic curve
  2. lower cervical curve that is normal ( +17 cm) and upper cervical curve that is more than + 17 cm
  3. Has posteriority of atlas, axis and 3rd cervical
  4. atlas angle that is greater than 18 - 24 degree range ( more superior atlas then atlas on a combination neck)
    - Makes it a superior ++
48
Q

In a lordotic neck with 3rd cervical major , all the factors are the same except what two things?

A
  • will have a perfect atlas angle
  • 0 degree whitehorne’s angle
  • also the 3rd cervical will subluxate posterior
49
Q

T/F
In a lordotic neck ( 3rd cervical major) , this type of neck usually occurs from correcting the lower cervical curve of a combination neck

A

False

this neck is usually caused by an accident

50
Q

The rule for Lordotic neck ( 3rd cervical major) is:

A
  1. Normal atlas

2. Normal or negative whitehorne’s angle

51
Q

On flexion, the ___ of __ should move closer to ___ and the distance between the spinous process and posterior arch of atlas ___

A
  • posterior arch
  • occiput
  • increases
52
Q

on extension, the spine should roll smoothly into a hyperlordotic neck with no ___ of vertebrae . the occiput, posterior arch of atlas and axis should ___

A
  • stacking

- approximate

53
Q

Almost all posterior locked vertebrae are locked on ___

A

flexion

54
Q

Name the Cervical Mates:

  • occiput=
  • Atlas=
  • Axis =
  • C3=
  • C4=
  • C5=
  • C6 =
  • C7 =
  • T1=
  • T2=
  • T3
A
  • occiput= T3
  • Atlas = T2
  • Axis= T1
  • C3 = C7
  • C4= C6
  • C5= C5
55
Q

Name the vertebras that are usually are locked on flexion

A
  • Occiput

- C1

56
Q

Name the vertebrae that are usually locked on extension with rotation

A

C7
T1
T2
T3

57
Q

which vertebrae is locked on extension without rotation

A
  • C3
58
Q

T/F

In a kinking down involvement, adjust the first vertebrae above the kink

A

False

Adjust the vertebrae below the kink

59
Q

Kinking up on flexion usually occurs at which vertebral level

A

C3, 4, 5 and 6

60
Q

____ extension locks is associated with occiput extension lock

A

C3

61
Q

Name the Spinouses Rule for :

  • neutral lateral
  • Flexion
  • Extension
A
  • neutral lateral : even spacing should be evident between all spinouses
  • Flexion - Spinouses should flare and even spacing should be maintained throughout the cervical spine
  • Extension: Spinouses should approximate one another
62
Q

Name the IVF Rule

  • Neutral lateral
  • Flexion
  • Extension
A

Neutral lateral - should appear thin with very narrow opening except at C3 and C7 there should be a medium sized hole

  • Flexion - open, round to oval in shape between all cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
  • Extension- closed, depending on the view all IVF’s should appear uniformly closed
63
Q

Define the exostosis repeatable pattern formation

A
  1. exostosis will form on the anterior inferior end plate of the subluxated vertebrae
  2. Exostosis will then form across the disc on the anterior superior portion of the first vertebrae below the sublimated vertebra.
  3. Exostosis will next form on the anterior inferior end plate of the first vertebra above the subluxated vertebra
  4. Exostosis will continue in this pattern below- above-below- above unless the problem is corrected
64
Q

T/F

the exostosis rule states that when one vertebra is exostotic this is the vertebra to be adjusted

A

True

65
Q

Explain how to determine the year of the accident in a patient

A

count the number of vertebra with exostosis, multiply by five and add an additional five… example with 3 vertebra involved:
3 X5= 15
15+ 5 = 20
20 years ago this patient had some type of hyper flexion injury

66
Q

T/F

atlas and axis are most commonly to have exostosis

A

False

they rarely have it due to the fact that they exhibit more movement than any other vertebra even if they are subluxated

67
Q

T/F

if bony spurs are pronounced suspect a serious violent accident

A

true

68
Q

T/F

when a pelvis subluxates, they usually both subluxate in opposite directions

A

False

usually in the same direction

69
Q

when then pelvis subluxates, they can go in opposite ways due to what?

A

rotation

70
Q

T/F

it is very common to see a AS-PI pelvis on X-ray

A

False

it is very seldom

71
Q

The major pelvic listing is almost always on the side of the ___ ___, the ____ ____ ____, Lumbar ____ ____ and the side of lumbar _____

A
  • short leg
  • sacrum base inferiority
  • body rotation
  • scoliosis
72
Q

Name the five major pelvic listings

A
  1. sacrum
  2. Posterior inferior pelvis
  3. Anterior superior pelvis
  4. internal rotation of the ilium
  5. external rotation of the ilium
73
Q

List the characteristics of a normal pelvis

A
  1. heart- shaped pelvic opening
  2. almond shaped obturators that are same size and shape
  3. sacrum base, iliac crest and femur heads are level
  4. tailbone in right alignment with pubic symphysis and sitting 1 and half up the pelvic opening
  5. both ilium the same width
  6. no lumbar body rotation
  7. lateral lumbar curve range +19 cm to +24 cm
  8. distance to ischial tuberosity to the bottom of the x - ray film will be the same when compared to the other side
  9. if pelvis cut in half, each half will fit perfectly
74
Q

T/F

the normal lumbar curve has an arc radius of 19 - 24 cm. this is measured along the posterior side of the vertebral body

A

False

Measured on along the anterior side

75
Q

An arc radius less than 19cm is commonly seen in patients with _____

A

a double AS pelvis

76
Q

An arc radius greater than 24 cm is commonly seen in patients with ____

A

a double PI

77
Q

PI is the most often seen pelvic problem because it is the bottom end of the perfect compensation caused by the most common subluxation ____

A

the 5th cervical

78
Q

List the characteristics of a Double PI pelvis

A
  1. pelvic opening becomes smaller vertically
  2. both obturators become large vertically
  3. the tailbone sits very low in the pelvic opening
  4. sacrum base goes posterior
  5. straightening of the lumbar curve of more than + 24 cm
  6. no detectable short leg
79
Q

list the characteristics of a single PI pelvis

A
  1. lumbar body rotation to the major side
  2. sacrum base is posterior and inferior on PI side
  3. short leg is on the PI side
  4. tailbone favors side of normal ilium
  5. many time accompanied with a EX
80
Q

List the characteristics of Both PI with a major and minor side

A
  1. the short leg is on the major PI
  2. Sacrum is inferior and posterior on the major side
  3. lumbar bodies are rotated to the major PI side
  4. tailbone favors minor side
81
Q

List the characteristics of the Anterior Superior Pelvis

A
  1. the sacrum base has gone anterior
  2. the sacral apex has gone posterior
  3. the obturator are small vertically
  4. tailbone sitting high in pelvic opening
  5. lateral lumbar curve is hyperlordotic .. a curve that measures less than +19 cm with the normal potential ruler
82
Q

Points of importance in analyzing internal and external rotation are the position of the center of the _____ ____

A

sacral apex

83
Q

most corrections of the IN-EX problems is by adjusting the ____

A

sacrum

84
Q

what is the second choice of adjusting the IN - EX?

A

the PI or AS

85
Q

List the characteristics of Internal rotation

A
  1. ala of ilium becomes wider horizontally
  2. obturator foramina become narrow
  3. iliac spine becomes prominent in the pelvic opening
86
Q

List the characteristics of external rotation

A
  1. ala of the ilium becomes narrow horizontally

2. obturator foramina become wide horizontally

87
Q

What is most common in IN-EX pelvis ?

A
  1. one ilium in IN
  2. short leg is on the IN side
  3. No lumbar body rotation
  4. EX is on the opposite side
  5. tailbone favors the EX side
  6. smaller pelvic opening between the sacrum and ilium on the EX side
88
Q

List the characteristics of the EX pelvis

A
  1. one side is normal
  2. one side is EX
  3. tailbone favors the EX side
  4. short leg is on the EX side
89
Q

What is the main difference with a IN- EX with lumbar body rotation ?

A

Lumbar body rotation to the IN side

90
Q

T/F
the sacrum can go inferior left or right, the lumbar bodies will usually rotate to the side of base opposite of inferiority and that is usually the side of a short leg

A

False

it occurs on the side of inferiority of sacrum

91
Q

You must correct the pelvis when :

A

the coccyx is out of alignment

the sacral apex deviation indicates a pelvic problem, not only a sacral problem

92
Q

the major pelvic side is found on the side of:

A
  • sacral base inferiority
  • short leg
  • lumbar body rotation
  • unless the patient has a congenital abnormality or a history of double lumbar roles
93
Q

a spine with perfectly compensated reverse curves will show a ____ ____

A

Double PI pelvis

94
Q

A double AS that is perfectly balanced with no symptoms has a congenital abnormality between ____

A

L5/S1

95
Q

Sciatica is nearly always what kind of problem?

what else to look for?

A

atlas problem

also check upper dorsal

96
Q

___ and ___ are controlled by the sacrum

A

L4 and L5

97
Q

List the order of occurrence of subluxations with the time of life that can occur and the cause

A
  1. Atlas — birth to 10 months — Birth
  2. Sacrum – 10 months to 2 years —- falls on buttocks
  3. C3 — 3 years to 12 years — falls on head
  4. C4,C5,C6—- 12 years to death —- whiplash accidents
  5. T1 —– childhood to onward—– catching yourself with hands when falling forward
98
Q

____ extension lock is associated with Occiput extension lock

A

C3

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