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Cerebrum I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Primary Motor Area?

A

Isolated movement of simple nature without much skill

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2
Q

What is the location of the Primary Motor Area?

A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Anterior part of Paracentral lobule
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3
Q

Define the motor homunculus

A

Representation of the body on the primary motor area, with the paracentral mobile representing the leg and perineum. This representation is disproportionate to the actual size of the body, with the largest representation being the lips and hands.

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4
Q

What are the connections of the Primary Motor Area?

A
  • Afferents:
    • Premotor area
    • sensory cortex
    • thalamus
    • cerebellum
    • basal nuclei
  • Efferents:
    • corticospinal
    • corticonuclear
    • cortipontine
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5
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with a lesion in the Primary Motor Area?

A
  • Hemiplegia
  • UMN lesion (with +ve babinski sign)
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6
Q

What is the location of the Premotor area?

A
  • Superior, Middle, and Inferior Frontal Gyri
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7
Q

What is the function of the Premotor Area?

A
  • To prepare the body to carry out complex, skilled or learned movements
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8
Q

What is the location of the Writing center?

A

Upper part of area 6

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9
Q

What is the location of the Frontal eye field?

A

Area 8 of the Middle Frontal Gyrus

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10
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field?

A

Regulates voluntary conjugate movement

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11
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with a lesion affecting the frontal eye field?

A

Eyes deviated to side of lesion and inability to turn eyes to the opposite side.

Involuntary tracking movement of eyes is unaffected

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12
Q

What is the location of Broca’s motor speech area?

A

Lower part of inferior frontal gyrus

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13
Q

What is the function of Broca’s motor speech area?

A

Regulates coordinated movement of lips, tongue, palate, larynx and pharynx

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14
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient presenting with a lesion in the Premotor area?

A

Hesitancy in performing learned movements (impaired performance of learned movements

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15
Q

What is the location of the Prefrontal area?

A

Anterior parts of the Superior, Middle and Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Orbital Gyrus, Medial Frontal gyrus, Anterior part of Cingulate Gyrus

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16
Q

What is the function of the Prefrontal Gyrus?

A

Executive function
Regulates depth of emotion
Social ‘control’
Abstract thinking, Mature Judgement, Foresight, Tactfulness

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17
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient presenting with a lesion in the Prefrontal area?

A

Symptoms mostly mental
Lack of sense of responsibility in personal affairs
Vulgarity in speech
Clownish behavior

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18
Q

What is the location of the Primary Somesthetic area?

A

Postcentral gyrus
Posterior part of paracentral lobule

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19
Q

What is the function of the Primary Somesthetic area?

A

Localizes, analyses & discriminates different modalities of sensation.
• The pain area predominates in the upper lip of the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus along the post central
gyrus. The lower part of the postcentral gyrus acts as taste receptive centre.

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20
Q

What is the anatomical basis underlying the involuntary following of moving objects by the eyes?

A

involve the connection between visual cortex and frontal eye field through superior longitudinal fasciculus

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21
Q

What is the location of Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus

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22
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding of written & spoken language (interpretation of language through visual & auditory stimuli)

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23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with a lesion affecting Wernicke’s area?

A
  • sensory aphasia (word deafness) [patient speaks fluently without understanding]
  • global aphasia [if lesion affected Broca + Wernicke’s]
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24
Q

What is astereognosis?

A

tactile agnosia, where the affected individual fails to name the object by touch.

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25
Q

What is alexia?

A

Inability to read

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26
Q

What is agraphia?

A

inability to read

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27
Q

What is the function of Area 39?

A

responsible for visual speech or reading. It is recognizing the object by sight with past experience.

28
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient affecteing the angular gyrus?

A
  • Word blindness
  • Alexia
  • Agraphia
29
Q

What is the location of Area 39?

A

Angular gyrus

30
Q

T/F: Wernicke’s area is area 22 only.

A

False, Area 39 is often also considered part of Wernicke’s area

31
Q

What is the location of Area 40?

A

Supramarginal gyrus

32
Q

What is the function of Area 40?

A

recognizing the familiar objects with the help of touch and proprioception. The person can name the object.

33
Q

What would a person witha a lesion in area 40 present with?

A

astereognosis (tactile agnosia)

  • affected individual fails to name the object by touch.
34
Q

What is the location of Broca’s motor speech area?

A

Pars Triangularis and Pars opercularis on the dominant [left] hemisphere

35
Q

What would a patient with a lesion on Broca’s Motor speech present with?

A

Motor aphasia [can’t speak but understands]

36
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Right-handed individuals: left hemisphere [predominantly]

Left-handed individuals: 65% in left hemisphere, 20% in right hemisphere, and 15% in both hemisphere

37
Q

What structures are connected to Broca’s motor speech area?

A

connected with sensory speech area through arcuate fasciculus & primary motor, somatosensory area

38
Q

What makes up the sensory speech area?

A

Broadman’s and Wernicke’s areas [both area 22]

39
Q

Where is Broadman’s area located?

A

behind area 41 and 43

40
Q

Where is the primary auditory area located?

A

Anterior transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s) - is located on the upper surface of the superior-temporal gyrus

41
Q

What would a patient with a lesion on the primary auditory area present with?

A

Unilateral lesion doesnt produce an impairment of hearing, as the auditory information’s are bilaterally projected

42
Q

Connections of the Primary Auditory area

A

Auditory radiation from Medial geniculate body

43
Q

What is the locations of the Auditory Association area?

A

Posterior Transverse temporal gyrus

44
Q

What is the function of the Auditory Association area?

A

Intepretation of sounds with area 22

45
Q

Where is the primary visual area located?

A

on the lips and walls of posterior part of the calcarine sulcus

46
Q

Describe the structure of the Primary Visual area

A
  • Very thin -1.5mm
  • Outer band of Baillarger forms stria of Gennari (part of inner granular layer)
  • Pyramidal cells are replaced by stellate cells
  • Occupies the 3% of the entire cortical area & contains 1/10th of the total number of cortical neurons
47
Q

Connections of the Primary Visual area

A
  • Temporal half of the same retina (nasal field of vision), nasal half of the opposite retina (temporal field of vision)
  • Macular part of the retina (for central vision of max. discrimination) is projected into posterior part of the area 17 (which occupies about 1/3rd of the visual cortex)
48
Q

What would be caused by a lesion affecting the primary visual area?

A

homonymous hemianopia with sparing of macular vision

49
Q

Why would macular vision be spared in cases of PCA thrombosis?

A

macular part of the retina is supplied by middle cerebral artery

50
Q

What is the function of the Visual Association and Higher visual association areas?

A

recognition of objects by relating with past experience

51
Q

What is a manifestation of lesion affecting the visual Association and Higher visual association areas?

A
  • Visual agnosia
    • patient echibits inability to recognize known object by vision
52
Q

What is the location of the Visual association area?

A

parastriate and peristriate

53
Q

Where is the Higher visual association area located?

A

Angular gyrus - inferior parietal lobule

54
Q

What would a lesion affecting the primary Somesthetic area produce?

A

Altered/reduced sensation in contralateral side

  • manifested by decreased sensory thresholds, an inability to discriminate the properties of tactile stimuli or to identify objects by touch
55
Q

Where is the secondary sensory area located?

A

ower part of the pre & post central gyrus – pain area

56
Q

Where is the sensory association are located?

A

superior parietal lobule and area 40 & 39

57
Q

Connections of the Primary Somesthetic area

A
  • Afferent from thalamus
    • anterior part of post-central gyrus recieves large number of afferent fibers from muscle spindle, tendon organs and joint receptors
  • Efferent to thalamus, medulla, spinal cord, motor and premotor area
58
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 1-3?

A

Primary Somesthetic area

59
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 4?

A

Primary Motor area

60
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 6 and 8?

A

6 only:

  • writing centre [upper part pf 6]

8 only:

  • Frontal eye field [area 8 of middle frontal gyrus]

6 and 8:

  • Premotor area
61
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 9-12?

A

Prefrontal area

62
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 17?

A

Primary Visual area

63
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 22?

A

Broadmans and Wernicke’s area

64
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 39-40?

A

sensory association area

65
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 41?

A

Primary auditory area

66
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 42?

A

Auditory association area

67
Q

What is found on Brodmann’s area 44-45?

A

Broca’s motor speech area

CNS (10 decks)

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