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Cerebrum Clinical Applications Flashcards

1
Q

Thalamic lesions involving relay nuclei interrupt ascending pathways which

A

severely compromising contralateral sensation

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2
Q

With thalamic lesions what is typically most affected?

A

proprioception

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3
Q

In some cases what may ensure that causes severe contralateral pain with or without provoking stimuli?

A

pain syndromes

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4
Q

Basal ganglia disorders in what area rarely cause motor disorders

A

caudate

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5
Q

basal ganglia disorders present with what symptoms

A

loss of initative, apathy, spontanteous thought, emotional responsises, behavioral abdnomalities

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6
Q

Excessive activity of circuit connecting the caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, central prefrontal cortex is correlated with what

A

basal ganglia disorders and OCD

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7
Q

loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

A

primary somatosensory

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8
Q

loss of localization of sounds

A

primary auditory

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9
Q

homonymous heminaopia

A

primary visual

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10
Q

change in awareness of head position and movement

A

primary vestibular

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11
Q

general term for inability to recognize objects when using specific sense even though discriminative ability with that sense in tact

A

agnosia

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12
Q

What are three forms of agnosia

A
  1. asteregnosis
  2. Visual agnosia
  3. Auditory agnosia
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13
Q

inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact discriminative somatosensation

A

astereognosis

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14
Q

A person with astereognosis would be able to

A

describe an object being plpated but not recognize object by touching and manipulating it

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15
Q

inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision

A

visual agnosia

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16
Q

with visual agnosia you can

A

describe shape and size of objects using vision but cannot identify objects visually

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17
Q

what is the inability to identify faces visually despite being able to interpret emotional facial expressions and being able to recognize visually other items in environment

A

prosopagnosia

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18
Q

what is the destruction of secondary auditory cortex sparing the ability to perceive sound but depriving the person of recognizing sound?

A

auditory agnosia

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19
Q

what happens with destruction of the left secondary auditory agnosia

A

the inability to understand speech

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20
Q

what happens with destruction of right auditory cortex?

A

it interferes with the interpretation of environmental sounds

Ex: distinguishing between a doorbell and footsteps

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21
Q

primary motor cortex

A

paresis, loss of motor control, spastic dsyarthria

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22
Q

premotor area

A

apraxia

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23
Q

supplementary motor area

A

apraxia

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24
Q

broccas areas

A

broccas aphasia or difficulty producting nonverbal communication

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25
Motor planning areas can be damaged as well a few examples of this are
constructional apraxia motor preservation Broca's aphasia
26
it is a subtype of apraxia with the inability to draw and arrange objects correctly in space
constructional apraxia
27
uncontrollable repetition of a movement associated with the amount of nerual damage rather than damage to a specific site
motor preservation
28
difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols
broca's aphasia
29
Damage to the primary motor cortex may cause
dysarthria
30
what is dysarthria?
speech disorder resulting from spacticity/paresis of muscles
31
There are 2 types of dysarthria what are they?
1. Spastic | 2. Flaccid
32
Damage to upper motor neurons which is harsh and awkward speech
spastic dysarthria
33
damage to lower motor neurons with paresis of speech muscles
flaccid primary motor cortex
34
If the dorsolateral prefrontal association area is damaged what happens?
loss of executive function and divergent thinking
35
if the pariotemporal association area is damaged what happens?
inability to handle new info effectively, cannot conretely think, unable to distinguish relevant information from irrelevant info, difficult generalizing info, and become upset with any type of change
36
what happens with pariotempral association in the left hemisphere?
wrnicke's aphasia
37
what happens with pariotempral association in the right hemisphere?
difficulty understanding nonverbal communication
38
what happens with ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
disturbances of personality and emotions
39
damage to what interferes with emotional response to inferred emotional events
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex
40
individuals with damage to ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex have intact intellectual abilities but
poor judgement, are impulsive, and have difficulty conforming to social conventions
41
somatic marker circuitry in ventromedial orbital prefrontal cortex
integrates emotional and rational info to guide behavior
42
Lesions in the ventromedial orbital prefrontal cortex causes
poor judgement, defective social intelligence, social dysfunction, employment problems and issues with interpersonal relationships and social status
43
emotional lability
abnoraml, uncontrolled expression of emotions
44
What are the 3 aspects of emotional lability
1. abrupt mood shifts 2. Involuntary, inappropraiate emotional expression in absesnce of subjective emotion 3. Emotion triggered by nonspecific stimuli unrelated to emotional expression
45
Reward pathway
dopamine neurons from ventral tegmental area in midbrain to ventral striatum
46
Addiction
loss of behavioral control in response to stimulus combined with continue use of a substance, regardless of negative consequences
47
What is declarative memory failure?
amnesia
48
involves loss of memories for events that occurred before trauma or disease that caused condition
retrograde amnesia
49
with amnesia you maintain the ability to form new preferences despite what
lacking cognitive awareness of the preferences
50
explicit memory that is facts and events based that can be recalled
declarative memory
51
unconscious memory of skills and how to do thigs
implicit memory
52
With a severe TBI which type of memory do we want to start with and why?
- procedural memory | - because the task is embedded
53
aphasia
affects spoken language
54
alexia
comprehension of written language
55
agraphia
ability to write
56
Brocca's aphasia
difficulty expressing or using language
57
Wernicke's aphasia
language comprehension is impaired
58
Conduction
damage to neurons that connect wernicke's to broca's
59
Global
inability to use language in any form
60
If there is damage to Broca's area it may cause a person to speak
monotone, ineffectively communication non verbally and lack emotions
61
neglect
tenancy to behave as if one side of body or one side of space does not exist
62
neglect typically occurs on which side
left
63
people with neglect fail to
report or respond to stimuli present on contralesional side
64
ventral stream of visual information is involved with
perception and identification of visual objects
65
dorsal stream of visual information contributes to
actions based on visual input
66
The developmental test of visual perception has six subsets what are they?
1. figure ground 2. Visual motor search 3. Visual closure 4. Copying 5. Visual Motor Speed 6. Form Constancy
67
Dynamic Loewnstein OT Cognitive Assessment does what
- measures basic cognitive skills in adults - measures how and to what degree performance improves with cues - Battery of 28 subsets in 7 domains - 5 levels of mediation
68
lateropulsion
- powerful pushing away from less paretic side in sitting, during transfers, standing, and walking - patient extends nonparetic arm ad leg and pushes creating a high risk for falls - extremely resistant to attempts to adjust their posture passively to a symmetrical position - pusher syndrome or contratraversive pushing
69
Orienting
ability to locate specific sensory information from among many stimuli
70
Divided Attention
ability to attend to two or more things simultaneously
71
Selective Attention
ability to attend to important information and ignore distractions
72
Sustained Attention
ability to continue activity over time
73
Switching Attention
ability to change from one task to another
74
How do the majority of moderate to severe TBI's occurs?
motorcycle accidents
75
Impacts of motorcycle TBI?
- damage to orbitofrontal, anterior and inferior temporal regions and cause diffuse axonal injury - poor judgement, decreased executive functions, memory deficits, slow info processing, attention disorders, poor divergent thinking - inability to use new info effectively and appropriately
76
How do most TBI is infants occur? Minor for Major causes
minor - accidental falls | major - infant violently shaken
77
LOC
loss of consciousness
78
a blow to the head may cause what?
loss of consciousness
79
What else may cause LOC?
space-occupying lesions of cerebrum
80
Glasgow Coma Scale
Eye response- verbal response-motor response 1. Mild: GCS 13-1 2. Moderate: GCS 9-12 3. Severe: GCS 3-8 - LOC - more than 24 hrs - post traumatic amnesia (PTA) more than 7 days
81
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale
``` I: no response II: Generalized Response III: Localized Response IV: Confused and Agitated V: Confused and Inappropriate VI: Confused and Appropriate VII: Automatic and Appropriate VIII, IX, X: Purposeful and Appropriate ```
82
Ranchos II Generalized Response
generalized reflexive response to pain
83
Ranchos III: Localized Response
may follow commands intermittently
84
Ranchos IV: Confused and Agitated
yelling, belligerent, aggressive, swearing
85
Ranchos V: Confused and Inappropriate
easily distracted, poor new learning
86
Ranchos VI: Confused and Appropriate
follows commands, lucid periods, poor memory
87
Ranchos VII: Automatic and Appropriate
robotic, difficulty with change
88
Ranchos VIII, IX, X: Purposeful and Appropriate
purposeful and appropriate

Cerebrum Clinical Applications (2 decks)

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