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Neuroanatomy Test 3 > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the medullary center consist of?

A

core of White Matter

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2
Q

What do projection fibers usually make up?

A

Mostly comprise internal capsule

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3
Q

What are the two types of projection fibers?

A

1) corticopedal fibers

2) corticofugal fibers

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4
Q

what are corticopedal fibers?

A

Afferents to the cerebral cortex (thalamocortical fibers)

Ie: optic radiations of the geniculocalcarine tract

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5
Q

what are corticofugal fibers?

A

efferents of the cortex

Ie: corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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6
Q

What are commisural fibers?

A

Fibers that connect an area of cortex in one hemisphere with a similar area in the opposite hemisphere

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7
Q

What is the largest commissural fiber tract?

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Connect cortical areas within a single hemisphere

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9
Q

What are the two places association fibers travel in?

A

Cingulum

superior longitudinal fasciculus 9arcute fasciculus)

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10
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

associative fiber bundle of the limbic lobe (found deep within the cingulate gyrus

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11
Q

What is the superior longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Associative fiber bundle that provides connections between cortical areas of the insula, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. connects motor and sensory language areas in the dominant hemisphere

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12
Q

What are U fibers?

A

short association fibers that usually connect adjacent gyri

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13
Q

what is the neocortex?

A

about 90% of the human cortex and made up of 6 histological layers

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14
Q

What is the paleocortex?

A

Anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus, includes uncus and is a 5 layered cortex

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15
Q

what is the archicortex?

A

Contains the hippocampus and is a 3 layered cortex

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16
Q

what neurons are found in the cortex?

A

pyramidal cells
stellate cells
Fusiform cells

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17
Q

which of the neurons are unique to the cerebral cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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18
Q

What are the different types of pyramidal cells?

A

small
Large
Giant - Betz cells

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19
Q

In general what layers do corticopedal fibers terminate in?

A

Terminate in layers I-IV

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20
Q

In what sensory nuclei of the thalamus do afferent fibers terminate in?

A

Layer IV

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21
Q

what are some examples of sensory nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VPL
VPM
Lateral and Medial geniculate body

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22
Q

Which layers of the thalamus are the primary efferent layers of the cortex?

A

Layers V and VI

23
Q

what do the corticofugal fibers that come from layers V and VI become?

A

Projection, Commissural or association fibers

24
Q

which cortical areas contain the most prominent layer V?

A

motor areas of cerebral cortex

Map areas 4 (primary motor cortex), 6, 8 (accessory or supplementary motor)

25
Q

what structures are found in the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

opercular portion
triangular portion
orbital portion

26
Q

What structures are found in the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Supramarginal gyrus

Angular gyrus

27
Q

What area makes up the high level associative or intellectual functions?

A

Prefrontal cortex

28
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Areas of the frontal lobe that does not cause motor activity when stimulated

29
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex found?

A

Rostral part of the frontal lobe

30
Q

does the prefrontal cortex connect with other lobes?

A

yes, it has extensive connections with all other lobes of the hemisphere and dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

31
Q

how does the prefrontal cortex connect to all other lobes of the hemisphere?

A

Via the superior longitudinal fasciculus

32
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A 
Abstract thinking
judgement
foresight
behavior
motivation
decision making
reaction/emotions to experiences
33
Q

what occurs with patients with bilateral damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A

1) difficulty making good decisions
2) neglect in setting goals or planning for the future
3) lack of responsibility in personal affairs
4) lack of good judgment
5) dishonestly
6) (sometimes) decrease in intellect

34
Q

what is cerebral dominance?

A

The control of functions that appear to not be shared equally between two hemispheres

35
Q

In humans is language in one or both hemispheres?

A

Typically lateralized in one hemisphere

36
Q

Which hemisphere is called the dominant hemisphere?

A

The hemisphere that is responsible for comprehension and production of language symbols (both written and spoken)

37
Q

for most humans which hemisphere is typically the dominant hemisphere?

A

left hemisphere is typically the dominant hemisphere and controls language

38
Q

What occurs when the dominant hemisphere suffers from a lesion?

A

may result in aphasia in addition to other neurological problems

39
Q

what does the right hemisphere (non-dominant hemisphere) do?

A

3 dimensional or spatial relationships

40
Q

What is broca’s language area?

A

It is the motor or expressive language area

41
Q

where is broca’s language area found?

A

located in the opercular and triangular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere

42
Q

What Brodmann’s map areas is Broca’s language area associated with?

A

44,45

43
Q

what does Broca[’s area do?

A

It helps to direct the activity of muscles used in the expression of language symbols and is involved in speech, writing and signing

44
Q

what are the two sensory or receptive language areas?

A

wernicke’s area

supramarginal and angular gyrus

45
Q

where is wernicke’s area?

A

posterior portion of the auditory association area

46
Q

what is the function of wernicke’s area?

A

integration of auditory signals that represents language symbols into a pattern of recognition

47
Q

what is the function of the inferior parietal lobule area of sensory language area?

A

recognition of a pattern in the symbols used in the production of written language

48
Q

How are the sensory and motor language areas connected?

A

Connected by arcuate fasciculi (superior longitudinal fasciculus)

49
Q

what is the normal language function dependent upon?

A

The integrity of the arcuate fasciculi and the associate fiber bundles

50
Q

what is aphasia?

A

Negative speech

51
Q

what happens when there is a lesion in Broca’s area or Broca’s aphasia?

A

1) impaired ability to speak fluently or intelligibly
2) inability to produce written language symbols (agraphia)
3) patient can comprehend spoken and written language and signed language as long as sensory language area is intact

52
Q

what happens when there is a lesion in wernicke’s area or wernicke’s aphasia?

A

1) Inability to comprehend the meaning of spoken words
2) sounds are heard but meaningless
3) Patient can spontaneously speak, but cannot understand his/her own words (tend to make mistakes in their speech)
4) inability to read (alexia)
5) inability to comprehend the meaning of sin language

53
Q

What happens with a lesion of the arcuate fasciculus?

A

1) conduction aphasia
2) good comprehension of both written and spoken language
3) relatively good spontaneous speech and writing but makes some mistakes and unable to correct them
4) Poor repetition of spoken sentences or phrases and difficulty reading outloud

Neuroanatomy Test 3 (7 decks)

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