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Neuro > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differentials covered in the damnitv acronym?

A 
Degenerative
Anomalous
Metabolic
Neoplastic or nutritional
Idiopathic or inflammatory
Traumatic or toxic
Vascular
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2
Q

T/F: know drug dosages for neuro

A

False!

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3
Q

CS of cerebral dz

A 
Behavior changes, mentally inappropriate
Head turn and circling (ipsalateral)
Menace deficits contralateral, abnormal nasal sensation
Deficits in proprioception contralateral
Spinal reflexes and tone normal
Pain possible over calvarium
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4
Q

Hx and CS for cerebrum

A

Seizure
Behavior change
Cerebrum and thalamus show similar clinical symptoms

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5
Q

Degenerative diseases of cerebruM

A

Storage diseases dt enzymatic defects

CS: personality change, ataxia, tremor, paresis, vision impairment

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6
Q

Dx and Tx of degenerative dz

A

Dx: peripheral blood, bone marrow, or CSF may reveal vacuolated leukocytes
Metabolic tests
Histopath is definitive

NO tx

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7
Q

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome

A

Similar to alzheimer’s

Accumulation of beta amyloid

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8
Q

Dx of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome

A 
DISHA
Disorientation
altered Interactions
Sleep wake cycle alterations
House-soiling
altered Activity level
MRI - brain atrophy, ventricular enlargement
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9
Q

Tx of CDS

A

No cure
L deprenyl
Prognosis poor in long term

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10
Q

Anomalous cerebrum

A

Congenital hydrocephalus
Caudal occipital malformation
Etc

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11
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus

A

Excessive CSF in brain

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12
Q

Causes of congenital hydrocephalus

A

Obstruction of flow of CSF
Decreased absorption
Increased production: more often with tumors
Acquired can occur secondary to inflammation causing decreased absorption (distemper)

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13
Q

CS of congenital hydrocephalus

A 
Persistent sutures and fontanels
Dome shaped head
Smaller than littermates
Seizures
Slow learners
Ventrolateral strabismus with normal PLRs and Physiologic nystagmus
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14
Q

Dx of congenital hydrocephalus

A

CS
MRI
CT
US

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15
Q

Tx of congenital hydrocephalus

A 
Medical management
- Decrease CSF production
- Prednisone
- Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)
- Furosemide
- Acetazolamide
SX
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16
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus prognosis

A

Variable but guarded

Post Sx complication rate 20-30%

17
Q

Intracranial arachnoid diverticulum

A

CS: wide clinical presentation, cerebrum or vestibulocerebellar dysfunction

18
Q

Diverticulum Dx and Tx

A

Dx MRI

Tx similar to hydrocephalus

19
Q

Lissencephaly

A

Reduced gyri
Seizures
No tx

20
Q

Polymicrogyria

A

Excessive small gyri
Seizures
no Tx

21
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Build up of neurotoxins
- Caused by portosystemic shunt, hepatic organ failure, hepatic microvascular dysplasia
CS: median age 12 mo, obtunded, abnormal behavior, head pressing, visual deficits and rarely seizure

22
Q

Dx of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Blood testing: CBC, Chem
Bile acids
Elevated blood ammonia
Imaging: Portogram, US, scintigraphy, MRI or CT

23
Q

What are the pseudo liver function tests?

A

Glucose
Cholesterol
Albumin
BUN

ALL DECREASED in Hepatic issues

24
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy Tx

A

Medical: decrease neurotoxins (lactulose, Abx, diet), decrease seizures
Sx
Variable prognosis

25
Q

Hypoglycemia

A 
Decreased BG alters neuronal function (insulinoma, storage disease, young toy breeds)
CS: seizures, blindness
Dx: Acute BG <60, chronic <30
Tx: treat underlying
Prognosis variable
26
Q

Sodium disturbance

A 
Hypernatremia = hyperosmolality
Shrinkage of brain -> stretch BV -> hemorrhage
Correct slowly to prevent cerebral edema
Hyponatremia = hypoosmolality
Can lead to swelling of brain
27
Q

Primary brain tumors

A 
Older pts
Goldens and boxers
CS: Referable to tumor location
- Dogs in cerebrum (seizures)
- Cats in cerebrum (mentation change)
28
Q

Meningioma

A

Most common brain tumor in cats and dogs
From arachnoid layer of meninges
Histologically benign

29
Q

Gliomas

A

Most common brain tumor in people, second most common in dogs
Arise from supporting cells of the brain parenchyma
Histologically more aggressive

30
Q

Choroid plexus tumors

A

Arise form the choroid plexus
- Ventricles
- Hydrocephalus is common dt overproduction of CSF
Histologically variable

31
Q

Dx and tx of primary brain tumors

A

Imaging (MRI)
Biopsy
CSF analysis

Sx
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Palliative

32
Q

Secondary brain tumors

A

Dogs: hemangiosarcoma, pituitary, lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma, invasive nasal tumors
Cats:
Lymphoma
Pituitary

33
Q

Nutritional

A

Thiamine deficiency

34
Q

Idiopathic

A

Epilepsy

Narcolepsy/cataplexy

35
Q

Inflammation in the CNS

A

Meningitis (meninges)
Encephalitis (brain)
Myelitis (spinal cord)

36
Q

Fungal infection

A

Inhalation
Crypto, coccidioides, blasto, histo, aspergillus
CS: young to middle aged, slow progression, encephalopathy common
Dx: presence of organism in extraneural site, Imaging, Ab testing
Tx: Medical
Sx

Neuro (3 decks)

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