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Neuroscience E2 > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

The gray matter of the cerebral cortex can be divided into 6 layers:

A
  1. Molecular Layer
  2. External Granular Layer
  3. External Pyramidal Layer
  4. Internal Granular Layer
  5. Internal Pyramidal Layer
  6. Multiform Layer
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2
Q

The gray matter layers house 5 different types of cells

A
  1. pyramidal cells
  2. stellate cells
  3. fusiform cells
  4. horizontal cells of Cajal
  5. cells of Martinotti
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3
Q

The axons (myelinated ones are termed “white matter”) run either ____ or ____.

A

radially (Radial Fibers- running at right angle to the cortical surface)
tangentially (Tangential Fibers - running parallel to the cortical surface).

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4
Q

In addition to the gray matter being divided into layers, the cortex can be divided into ____ (300-600m wide) of functional activity.

A

vertical columns

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5
Q

Going to a larger scale, groups of vertical columns are clustered together into ____ areas (think Brodmann’s areas).

A

functionally specialized

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6
Q

Those specialized areas are then grouped together into ____ and ____ distinct lobes or cortices (think visual cortex/occipital lobe).

A

functionally and anatomically

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7
Q

lobes or cortices are connected with other areas in functional circuits (think visual system). These circuits require white matter pathways to connect them. These pathways can be categorized into 3 categories:

A
  1. Association fibers from other regions within the same hemisphere.
  2. Commissural fibers from regions in the contralateral hemisphere.
  3. Projection
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8
Q

What are the 5 Functional Areas of the Cortex?

A

Primary Sensory Cortices – receives sensory information
Sensory Association Cortices –complex analysis of sensory information
Motor Planning Cortices – organize/plan movement
Primary Motor Cortices – controls movement
Association Cortices – behavior, emotions, memory, sensory interpretation

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9
Q

_____ contains somatotopic representation of the body. It receives input from the thalamus regarding discriminative general senses as well as pain and temperature sense from the body and face.

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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10
Q

A lesion of the _____ cortex produces deficits in discrimitive touch and position sense (Hemi anesthesia on the side of the body opposite to the cortex)

A

primary somatosensory

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11
Q

____ is in the superior parietal lobule and supra marginal gyrus. It is used for perception of shape, size, texture and identification of objects by feel (stereognosis)

A

Somatosensory Association Cortex

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12
Q

Lesion of the somatosensory association cortex can cause ____.

A

asterognosis

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13
Q

Two cortices of visual sensation are _____ and ____.

A

Primary Visual Cortex (cuneus and lingual gyri)

Visual Association Cortex (Medial and lateral occipital gyri, angular gyrus)

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14
Q

a. This is the termination of the retinogeniculostriate pathway (optic radiations).
b. This area fuses the inputs from both eyes into one image.
c. Analyzes the visual world with respect to orientation of visual stimuli, with special attention paid to lines and edges of images.

A

Primary Visual Cortex (cuneus and lingual gyri)

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15
Q

a. Essential for comprehension of a visual image.
b. Mediates slow pursuit (tracking) movements of the eyes through connections with the superior colliculus of the midbrain tectum and cranial nerve nuclei of the extraocular muscles.
c. Mediates vergence eye movements (e.g., convergence and divergence when focusing near & far, respectively).
d. Mediates conjugate eye movements

A

Visual Association Cortex (Medial and lateral occipital gyri, angular gyrus)

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16
Q

Neurons in the _____ cortex respond to different frequencies of sound (tonotopic organization). It is located in superior temporal gyrus and the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl in the temporal lobe.

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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17
Q

This cortex is important in the interpretation of sounds. A lesion to a specialized portion of this are (Wernike’s area) makes spoken language difficult to understand.

A

Auditory Association Cortex (superior temporal gyrus)

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18
Q

This cortex consists of the uncus, pirirform cortex, the periamygdaloid, and part of the parahippocampal gyrus. It projects to the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and orbitofrontal olfactory area of the cortex

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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19
Q

____ is the inability to recognize an object; inability to interpret and recognize sensory stimuli.

A

Agnosia

20
Q

Agnosia can be caused by lesions to the _____ cortices

A

association

21
Q

Three main types of agnosia are:

A

A. tactile agnosia (also called Asterognosis) (mostly involves a lesion in area 40)
B. visual agnosia (mostly involves a lesion in area 39; inability to recognize objects by sight)
C. auditory agnosia (mostly involves a lesion in area 22; inability to recognize familiar sounds and words)

22
Q

Inability to recognize faces is called ____.

A

prosopagnosia

23
Q

This cortex contains somatotopic representation of the body for motor function (motor homunculus) with disproportionate representation of the areas for the hand, face and tongue. This is the pre central gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex

24
Q

A lesion in the motor cortex produces 3 symptoms:

A

a. contralateral paresis
b. increased deep tendon reflexes
c. positive Babinski sign

25
Q

Which cortex?
A. Middle Frontal Gyrus (posterior aspect)
B. Motor planning area
C. Receives input from the cerebellum and is involved in the production of externally referenced movements
D. Stimulation produces postural or tonic movements, and contralateral eye movements and head movements (connections to ocular motor nuclei)

A

Premotor cortex and Frontal Eye Fields

26
Q

Lesion produces ____ and increased resistance to passive movements

A

hypertonus

27
Q

Which cortex?
A. Superior Frontal Gyrus (posterior aspect)
B. Motor planning area
C. Superior to the premotor cortex
D. Receives input from the basal ganglia and is involved in the production of internally referenced movements

A

Supplemental Motor Complex

28
Q

Which area?
A. Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Posterior Aspect)
B. Speech planning area (usually in the left hemisphere).
C. Connected to Wernikes area by the arcuate fasciulus

A

Broca’s area

29
Q

What do these symptoms suggest?
Normal comprehension of language; expression of speech is difficult and crudely articulated; muscles involved in speech are not damaged; patients can express memorized words correctly.

A

Broca’a aphasia or expressive aphasia

30
Q

Lesions in motor planning areas can cause ____. It is a disorder of sensory integration interfering with the ability to plan and perform skilled and complex movements.

A

apraxia

31
Q

loss of ability to carry out spontaneous movement

A

Akinetic apraxia

32
Q

inability to carry out movement on command due to inability to remember the command.

A

Amnestic apraxia

33
Q

inability to perform complicated motor tasks.

A

Motor apraxia

34
Q

inability to demonstrate use of objects (e.g., tools placed in a patient’s hand).

A

Ideational apraxia

35
Q

inability to perform facial-oral movements on command (e.g., lick the lips). This is the most common apraxia.

A

Facial apraxia

36
Q

All activities (motor, cognitive or emotional) are planned in the frontal lobe This planning can be referred to as ____.

A

Executive Function

37
Q

Superior, middle frontal gyri, and medial frontal lobe: have many connections with the sensory association areas, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system. These areas also regulate the affect associated with sensation (happy, sad, friendly, disagreeable).

A

Frontal and prefrontal association cortices

38
Q

Which cortex?
A. The anterior pole of the temporal lobe.
B. Involved in the regulation of emotions, mood, affect, and memory
C. Electrical stimulation of this area elicits recall of things seen or heard (e.g., music from the past) (closely associated with the olfactory cortex).
D. A tumor or stroke here may cause visual or auditory hallucinations. Sights and sounds are vivid in the mind.

A

Limbic Association Cortex (Psychical Cortex)

39
Q

Which cortex?
A. Involved in sensory integration, problems solving, speech, and spatial processing.
B. Interpretation and Integration of sensations are localized here
C. Can be considered tertiary sensory association areas

A

Parietotemporal Association Cortex

40
Q

Lesion of the non-dominant (usually the right) cortex causes no disturbance of language because in most people, language function is located in the left hemisphere, but does cause a lack of appreciation of spatial aspects of all sensory input from the left side of the body, called ____.

A

hemineglect syndrome (often left hemineglect syndrome)

41
Q

What are the four main characteristics of hemineglect syndrome?

A
  1. Lack of appreciation of spatial aspects of all sensory input from the left side of the body (yet somatic sensations are intact) and possible the left side of their environment.
  2. Denial that the left side of the body belongs to the patient.
  3. Patients with left hemineglect syndrome may shave only the right side of the face or dress only the right side of the body, or draw the right side of an image.
  4. Patient’s with hemi neglect may also be completely unable to attend to that side of their environment
42
Q

Anatomically, the two hemispheres of the human cerebrum appear to be fairly symmetrical. One exception is the ____ (an area located on the upper surface of the temporal lobe and including Wernicke’s speech area) which tends to be larger in the left hemisphere

A

planum temporale

43
Q

a. The ____ hemisphere is considered the “dominant” hemisphere in the majority of individuals

A

left

44
Q

a. Approximately __% of the population is right handed
b. Over 90% of right handed individuals are ____ brain dominant
c. Around 60-70% of left handed individuals are ____ brain dominant

A

a. 90
b. left
c. left

45
Q
  1. Functions of the dominant hemisphere
A

a. Language
b. Skilled motor formulation (aka. Praxis)
c. Arithmetic: analytical skills
d. Sequential processing

46
Q
  1. Functions of the non-dominant hemisphere
A

a. Prosody (emotion, tone and rhythm of voice)
b. Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
c. Arithmetic: spatial skills
d. Spatial orientation and processing

Neuroscience E2 (3 decks)

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