Cerebrovascular Diseases Flashcards
what type of ischemia affects watershed areas?
hypoxic
3 most vulnerable brain cells to hypoxia/ischemia (rank from most to least)
neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
3 most vulnerable brain regions to hypoxia/ischemia (rank from most to least); what determines this selective vulnerability?
hippocampus, lamina 3 and 5 of cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells in cerebellum; glutamate receptor densities (glutamate is neurotoxic when present in excess, as occurs in hypoxic/ischemic brain damage)
3 most common sites of thrombotic ischemic stroke
carotid bifurcation, origin of MCA, origin or end of basilar artery
most common site affected by embolic ischemic stroke
MCA
dx: focal ischemia caused by hyaline arteriolosclerosis caused by hypertension/diabetes mellitus
lacunar infarcts
lacunar infarcts: pathogenesis, location
small strokes in deep brain structures (usually basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus, pons) caused by hyaline arteriolosclerosis (caused by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, or high cholesterol)
microscopic findings of ischemic brain disease: acute, subacute, chronic
acute: red neurons, neutrophils
subacute: macrophages, necrosis, reactive astrocytes, vascular proliferation
chronic: glial scar
severe dehydration can lead to what kind of brain ischemia?
cerebral venous thrombosis
where does cerebral venous thrombosis usually occur?
superior sagittal sinus or lateral sinuses
what kind of brain disease often presents with seizures?
arteriovenous malformations
causes of lobar hemorrhage
drug abuse, amyloid angiopathy, hemorrhagic diathesis
dx: worst headache of my life
subarachnoid hemorrhage
common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
rupture of aneurysm (such as berry [saccular] aneurysm)
