cerebrovascular accidents

Question 1

cerebrovascular accident

Answer 1

includes all disorders in which an area of the
brain is temporarily or permanently affected by ischemia or
bleeding and one or more of the cerebral blood vessels are
involved in the pathological process.

Question 2

death of tissue

Answer 2

infarction:

Question 3

hemorrhage

Answer 3

severe bleeding

Question 4

ischemia

Answer 4

restriction of blood supply to tissues, that can cause shortage of oxygen supply

Question 5

aneurysm

Answer 5

when part of artery wall widen abnormally or balloon out

Question 6

formation of blood clot inside blood vessels

Answer 6

Thrombosis

Question 7

Emboli

Answer 7

something that lodge into blood vessel and block it

Question 8

Clinical classification of CVA

Answer 8

A] Asymptomatic
B] CVA with focal brain dysfunction
1- Transient Ischemic Attack
2- Stroke a- Ischemic
b- Hemorrhagic
C] Vascular dementia
D Hypertensive encephalopathy

Question 9

asymptomatic cerebrovascular event

Answer 9

a stroke that doesn’t have any outward symptoms associated with stroke and the patient is unaware that they have suffered a stroke

Question 10

transient ischemic attack [mini stroke]

Answer 10

-episodes of temporary and focal dysfunction of vascular origin
-they have no persistent neurological deficits
-lasting 2 to 15 min
-its recurrent indicate thrombotic disease

Question 11

stroke

Answer 11

rapid developed clinical sign of focal or global disturbance of cerebral dysfunction
–lasting more than 24hrs
–no other cause rather than vascular origin
–can lead to death

Question 12

Focal neurological ocular symptoms

Answer 12

Motor symptoms
Sensory symptoms
Vestibular symptoms
Visual symptoms
Speech and language disorders
Behavioral/cognitive symptoms

Question 13

non focal ocular symptoms

Answer 13

feeling faint, lightheaded
bilateral visual impairments
urine or stool incontinence
confusion

Question 14

vascular dementia

Answer 14

it can be defined as a complex disease that develops as a result of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or ischemic-hypoxic brain lesions, characterized by severe cognitive involvement that can
disrupt activities of daily living

Question 15

hypertensive encephalopathy

Answer 15

It often occurs in patients with chronic hypertension
whose blood pressure is not well controlled.
-Headache
-unconsciousness
-epileptic seizures and
sometimes transient neurological problems can be
seen as result in rapid increase in blood pressure

Question 16

Epidemiology:

Answer 16

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence,
distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Question 17

classification of stroke

Answer 17

Hemorrhagic
Ischemic 80%

Question 18

classifications of ischemic strokes

Answer 18

Large artery atherosclerosis 50%
Cardio embolism 20%
Lacunar stroke 20%
Of other determined etiolog 5%
Of non determined etiology 5%

Question 19

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 19

intracranial bleeding occurs when blood vessel within the skull rupture or leaks

Question 20

hemorrhagic stroke is examined into

Answer 20

Intracerebral -[bleeding within brain tissue] 10-20%
-has worth prognosis with 30days reported deaths
Subarachnoid

Question 21

causes of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 21

hypertension
blood thinners
arteriovenous malformation
head trauma
bleeding disorders
trumors

Question 22

Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 22

caused by aneurysm
85%
subarachnoid area is filled with pressurized blood due to rupture

Question 23

Symptoms of SAH

Answer 23

sudden onset of severe headache
nausea or vomiting
neck stiffness
sensitive to light
blurred vision
seizure

Question 24

act FAST for stroke

Answer 24

Face
Arm
Speech
Time

Question 25

right hemiplegia/left hemisphere

Answer 25

a) Visiomotor perception and memory are intact
b) Global aphasia
c) Agraphia, alexia
d) Difficulty in right-left discrimination
e) Dyslexia
f) Difficulty in understanding
the speech
g) Emotional lability, anxiety
h) Loss of calculation ability

Question 26

left hemiplegia/right hemisphere

Answer 26

a) Visiomotor perceptual disorder (Perception of the environment, perception of spatial positions of objects)
b) Location, time, person disorientation
c) Left neglect
d) Copying, geometric shape detection, problem in separating
objects from the background,
e) Impairment in the perception of depth and vertical position
f) Loss of foresight and decision making
g) Learning difficulties, concentration difficulties

Question 27

sign and symptoms of brainstem stroke

Answer 27

 Difficulty in speaking
 Difficulty in breathing
 Problems with chewing and swallowing
 There is partial or complete loss of hearing
 Patient experiences blurry vision
 There is weakness of the limbs
 Patient experiences loss of sensation or numbness
 Paralysis

Question 28

sign and symptoms of brainstem stroke

Answer 28

 Difficulty in speaking
 Difficulty in breathing
 Problems with chewing and swallowing
 There is partial or complete loss of hearing
 Patient experiences blurry vision
 There is weakness of the limbs
 Patient experiences loss of sensation or numbness
 Paralysis

Question 29

blood supply of the brain

Answer 29

1. Anterior Circulation
   1.1 Internal Carotid Artery
   1.1.a Anterior Cerebral Artery
   1.1.b Medial Cerebral Artery
   1.2 External Carotid Artery
2. Posterior Circulation
   2.1 Vertebral Artery
   2.2 Basilar Artery
   2.3 Posterior Cerebral Artery

Question 30

neurological recovery

Answer 30

Cellular and molecular processes for regeneration and reorganization begin immediately after the stroke, just around the lesion region and partially in distant areas

Question 31

Underlying factors in spontaneous neurological recovery

Answer 31

Elimination of harmful material
Neuroplasticity

Question 32

neuroplasticity

Answer 32

Brain ability to recognize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life
It follows use it or lose it principle

Question 33

Main mechanisms of neuroplasticity

Answer 33

*Collateral sprouting
*Unmasking
*Assumption of function by undamaged redundant neural pathways

Question 34

stages to follow in neuroplasticity patients treatments

Answer 34

1] Acute care
2] Evaluation of stroke patients in terms of rehabilitation
3] Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
4] Traditional therapy
5] Neurophysiological approaches
6] Assistive modalities in stroke rehabilitation
*electromyographic biofeedback
*cryotherapy
*functional electrical stimulation
7] Walking aids
*canes
*crutches
*walkers