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sav NUR 405 final exam w6 content > Cerebral Vascular Accident > Flashcards

Cerebral Vascular Accident Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for a “Stroke”

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Brain Attack

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2
Q

(2) Name the subtypes of “ischemic strokes”

& Subtypes of “hemorrhagic strokes” (3)

A

Ischemic Stroke-Thrombotic and Embolic

Hemorrhagic Stroke-Aneurysm, Hypertension and Arteriovenous malformation

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3
Q

Most common type of stroke?
Ischemic Stroke-Thrombotic
Ischemic Stroke-Embolic
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Aneurysm,
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Hypertension
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Arteriovenous malformation

A

Thrombotic stroke-It’s commonly associated with atherosclerosis

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4
Q

Where is the usual source of the embolic stroke?

A

The heart

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5
Q

Most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

HTN

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6
Q

Explain how long before the signs and symptoms begin with Thrombotic, Embolic and Hemorrhagic strokes

minutes to hours

Sudden and rapid

minutes to hours

A

Thrombotic-Usually evolve over minutes to hours

Embolic- Sudden development and rapid occurrence of neurologic deficits

Hemorrhagic-Sudden onset; progression over minutes to hours

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7
Q

What’s the second most common type of stroke?
Ischemic Stroke-Thrombotic
Ischemic Stroke-Embolic
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Aneurysm,
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Hypertension
Hemorrhagic Stroke-Arteriovenous malformation

A

Embolic stroke

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8
Q

True or False: A poorer prognosis is seen with hemorrhagic strokes

A

True

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9
Q

Modifiable risk factors for Stroke:

A 
Hypertension
Heart disease
Diabetes
Smoking
Obesity
Sleep apnea
Metabolic syndrome
Alcohol/drug abuse
Poor diet
Lack of physical exercise
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10
Q

Fill in the blank: A TIA (Transient ischemic attack) is to ______ as angina is to MI (myocardium infarction)

A

stroke

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11
Q

Define TIA:
transient or continuous?
neurological or cardiac dysfunction?
caused by ischemia or hemorrhage?
w/ or w/out acute infarction of the brain?
Symptoms usually last ______

A

A transient episode of
neurological dysfunction
caused by ischemia,
w/ no acute infarction of the brain
▪ Symptoms usually last < 1 hour

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12
Q

Can one predict the outcome of a TIA?

A

There is no way to predict outcome:
▪ 1/3 = do not have another event
▪ 1/3 = have more TIAs
▪ 1/3 = progress to stroke

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13
Q

Motor function impairments of a Stroke: Clinical Manifestations (Cues)

A 
-Motor function impairs:
▪ Mobility
▪ Respiratory function
▪ Swallowing/speech
▪ Gag reflex
▪ Self-care abilities
-Akinesia (loss of voluntary movement)
-Changes in muscle tone (initial flaccidity – followed by spasticity)
-Altered reflexes (changes from hyporeflexia to hyperreflexia)
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14
Q

Communication impairs of a Stroke: Clinical Manifestations (Cues)

A

-Communication:
▪ Aphasia:
▪ Receptive (loss of comprehension)
▪ Expressive (inability to produce language)
▪ Global (total inability to communicate)
-“Dysphasia” (impaired ability to communicate; used interchangeably with aphasia)
-Dysarthria:
▪ Garbled speech

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15
Q

Visual, emotional and elimination impairs of a Stroke: Clinical Manifestations (Cues) post stroke

A

-Affect:
▪ Hard time controlling their emotions (exaggerated or unpredictable)

-Intellectual Function:
▪ Impair memory & judgment

-Spatial-Perceptual Problems:
▪ Homonymous hemianopsia (blindness occurs in same half of visual fields of eye)
▪ May not recognize their body parts
▪ Agnosia (Loss of the ability to identify objects using one or more senses)
▪ Apraxia (The inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is familiar & there is willingness to perform the movement)

-Elimination:
▪ Bowel & bladder alterations are usually temporary

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16
Q

Define Homonymous Hemianopsia:

A

Blindness occurs in same half of visual fields of eye. They may not recognize all of their body parts or surroundings

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17
Q

Define agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to identify objects using one or more senses

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18
Q

Define apraxia

A

The inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is familiar & there is willingness to perform the movement

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19
Q

Interprofessional Care for Stroke

Health Promotion:

A 
▪ Management of modifiable risk factors 
▪ Healthy diet
▪ Weight control
▪ Regular exercise
▪ No smoking
▪ Limiting alcohol consumption
▪ BP management
▪ Routine health assessments
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20
Q

Preventive Drug Therapy for Stroke:

A

▪ Measures to prevent development of a thrombus or
embolus is used in patients at risk for stroke
▪ Antiplatelet drugs are used in patients who have had a TIA
▪ Aspirin, 81 mg/day is most often used antiplatelet agent

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21
Q

Stroke/TIA surgical Intervention options: (3)

A

Surgical interventions for patient with TIAs due to carotid
disease include:
▪ Carotid endarterectomy (remove plaque within carotid lining)
▪ Stenting
▪ Transluminal angioplasty

22
Q

True or False? Most strokes are treatable

A

True! Stroke unit care — Evidence suggests that patients with acute stroke have better outcomes when admitted to a hospital unit that is specialized for the care of patients with all types of acute stroke

23
Q

Stroke Interventions (2)

A

TIME is of the essence for stroke interventions!!
▪ IV fibrinolytic therapy (“clot busters”)
▪ Endovascular interventions

24
Q

What is the only drug approved at this time for treatment of acute ischemic strokes?

A

IV alteplase is the only drug approved at this time for tx of acute ischemic strokes

25
Q

What is the administration time for IV fibrinolytic therapy for stroke treatment?

A

FDA approves administration of if within 3 hours of stroke onset (American Stroke
Association endorses extension to 4.5 hours, under certain criteria)

26
Q

Stroke endovascular interventions for perfusion: (2)

A

▪ Mechanical embolectomy w/ stent placement
▪ Carotid artery angioplasty w/ stent placement

27
Q

Ischemic stroke Interprofessional Goals for care:

A

▪ Preserving life
▪ Preventing further brain damage
▪ Reducing disability

▪ Time of onset of symptoms is critical information

▪ Begins with managing:
▪ Circulation
▪ Airway
▪ Breathing

28
Q

Acute Care: Ischemic Stroke=

A

▪ Baseline neurologic assessment
▪ Monitor closely for:
▪ Signs of increasing neurologic deficit
▪ Many patients worsen in the first 24 to 48 hours

▪ Elevated BP is common immediately after a stroke
(It may be a protective response to maintain cerebral perfusion)
▪ Control fluid and electrolyte balance

▪ Adequately hydrate to: 
▪ Promote perfusion 
▪ Decrease further brain injury
▪ Manage intracranial pressure (ICP) 
▪ Use interventions that improve venous drainage
29
Q

____creased BP is common immediately following a stroke.

A

Increased BP is common immediately after a stroke. It may be a protective response to maintain cerebral perfusion.

30
Q

Acute Care: Ischemic Stroke-Medications:

A

▪ Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
-Given to reestablish blood flow through a blocked artery to prevent cell
death
-Must be started within 4.5 hours of onset of clinical signs of ischemic stroke
-Patients are carefully screened

▪ After the patient has stabilized and to prevent further clot formation,
patients with strokes caused by thrombi and emboli may be treated
with anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors
-ASA, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, dipyridamole
▪ Use of statins is effective after ischemic stroke

31
Q

Define Endovascular/Mechanical
Thrombectomy:

A

We use “Stent retrievers”…
▪ A way of managing ischemic stroke
▪ Catheter used to guide the small stent into affected artery in brain
▪ Stent expands interior walls of artery and allows blood to flow to brain
▪ Clot seeps into mesh of stent
▪ Stent and clot removed together

32
Q

Acute Care: Hemorrhagic

Stroke=

A

▪ Interprofessional Goals for care:
▪ Preserving life
▪ Preventing further brain damage
▪ Reducing disability

▪ Goals are the same as for the patient with ischemic stroke
▪ Manage: 
▪ Airway
▪ Breathing
▪ Circulation
▪ Intracranial pressure
33
Q

Surgical Therapy for Hemorrhagic

Stroke:

A

▪ Surgical interventions used to treat hemorrhagic strokes include:
▪ Evacuation of hematomas
▪ Resection and/or radiosurgery
▪ Clipping or coiling of an aneurysm

  • Procedure is chosen based on cause of stroke
34
Q

What happens during Aneurysm clipping-surgical?

A

A surgical clip is used to clip off the berry aneurysm; cuts off the blood supply to the aneurysm and decreases the likelihood of rupture due to decreased pressure.

35
Q

Stroke: Guglielmi Detachable Coil

“Coil”

A

A) A coil is used to occlude an aneurysm. Coils are made
of soft, springlike platinum. The softness of the platinum
allows the coil to assume the shape of irregularly shaped
aneurysms while posing little threat of rupture of the
aneurysm.
B) A catheter is inserted through an introducer (small
tube) in an artery in the leg. The catheter is threaded up
to the cerebral blood vessels.
C) Platinum coils attached to a thin wire are inserted into
the catheter and then placed in the aneurysm until the
aneurysm is filled with coils. Packing the aneurysm with
coils prevents the blood from circulating through the
aneurysm, reducing the risk of rupture.

36
Q

What dept does aneurysm coiling procedures take place?

A

Interventional radiology

37
Q

STROKE - Acute Care –

Nursing Assessment:

A

-Primary assessment focuses on:
▪ Cardiac status
▪ Respiratory status
▪ Neurologic assessment

-If patient is stable, obtain:
▪ Description of current illness
▪ With attention to symptom onset and duration, nature, and changes

-Also, If the patient is stable, obtain:
▪ History of similar having had similar symptoms previously
▪ Current medications
▪ History of risk factors and other illnesses
▪ Family history of stroke, aneurysm or cardiovascular disease

38
Q

What’s included in the secondary assessment for Strokes?

A 
Comprehensive neurologic exam:
▪ Level of consciousness
▪ NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
▪ Cognition
▪ Motor abilities

▪Also, Comprehensive neurologic exam includes:
▪ Cranial nerve function
▪ Sensation
▪ Proprioception (awareness of position/movement of body)
▪ Cerebellar function (motor control)
▪ Deep tendon reflexes

39
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care (Respiratory, Neurologic and Cardiovascular systems)

A

Respiratory system:
▪ Risk for atelectasis – may be intubated/ICU

Neurologic system:
▪ Monitor for extension of stroke, increased intracranial pressure/ICP, vasospasm, recovery from stroke s/s

Cardiovascular system:
▪ V.S., cardiac rhythms, I&O’s, regulating IVFs
▪ Risk for VTE – monitor accordingly

40
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care Musculoskeletal system:

A

▪ Prevent joint contractures/atrophy
▪ In acute phase, ROM & positioning are important (especially affected side)
▪ Trochanter roll at hip to prevent external rotation
▪ Hand cones to prevent hand contractures
▪ Avoid pulling patient by arm to avoid shoulder displacement
▪ Prevent footdrop w/ footboards/high-top tennis shoes

41
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care Integumentary system:

A

▪ Measures to prevent skin breakdown
▪ Regular pressure relief by position changes:
▪ Place no longer than 30 minutes on weak side

42
Q

What is the purpose of a trochanter roll?

A

The trochanter roll should reach from above the hip to just above the knee. Helps prevent external rotation of the hips, which in turn prevents potential contractures

43
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care GI and Urinary system:

A

GI system:
▪ Constipation most common bowel problem

Urinary system:
▪ In acute stage, often poor bladder control
▪ Avoid use of indwelling catheters
▪ Bladder retraining program

44
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care Nutrition:

A

▪ IVFs; keep NPO until speech therapist performs a swallowing eval
-Once approved, proceed w/ feeding:
▪ Foods should be easy to swallow, with enough texture, temp & flavor to stimulate
swallow reflex

45
Q

Assistive Devices for

Eating:

A 
1) The rounded plate helps keep food on 
the plate. Special grips and weighted 
handles are helpful for some persons. 
The cup shape allows drinking without 
having to tilt the head

2) Knives with rounded blades are
rocked back and forth to cut food. The
person does not need a fork in one hand
and a knife in the other.

3) Plate guards help keep food on the
plate.

4) Cup with special handles promotes
independence.

46
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care Communication:

A

Communication:
▪ Nurse’s role is primarily supportive
▪ Speak slowly & calmly, using simple words or sentences
▪ Gestures may be used to support verbal cues
▪ Speech, comprehension & language deficits are most difficulty problem for patient & family
▪ Speech therapist instrumental in care

47
Q

Stroke Acute Care: Related Nursing

Care-Sensory-perceptual problems:

A 
Visual may include:
▪ Diplopia (Double vision)
▪ Loss of corneal reflex (May not close the eyes when something gets in them)
▪ Ptosis (Droopy eyelid)
▪ Homonymous hemianopsia
48
Q

Stroke Patient: Ambulatory Care

A

Patient is usually discharged from acute care setting to:
▪ Home
▪ Intermediate or long-term care facility
▪ Rehabilitation facility

Rehabilitation (targeting physical, mental & social well-being):
▪ Include patient, family, nurse, stroke/rehab team
▪ Musculoskeletal: Focus = preventing additional loss & balance training
▪ Coping strategies – for both patient & family
▪ Stroke support groups

49
Q

Describe an embolic stroke:

A

An embolus is a blood clot or other debris circulating in the blood. When it reaches an artery in the brain that is too narrow to pass through, it lodges there and blocks the flow of blood.

50
Q

Describe a hemorrhagic stroke:

A

A burst blood vessel may allow blood to seep into and damage brain tissues until clotting shuts off the leak.

51
Q

Describe a thrombotic stroke:

A

The process of clot formation (thrombosis) results in a narrowing of the lumen, which blocks the passage of the blood through the artery.

52
Q

Are stroke clinical manifestations based on the location of the stroke or the type of stroke?

A

Clinical manifestations of strokes are related to the LOCATION of the stroke, not whether it is ischemic or hemorrhagic

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