Cerebral Hemisphere

Question 1

What type of astrocyte maintains spacial separation between mini and macro columns?

Answer 1

vellate astrocytes

Question 2

Autism is thought to be a ‘columnopathy’ associated with what changes in columns and white matter?

Answer 2

increased number of mini-columns and increased subcortical white matter (increased cortico-cortical connections)

Question 3

List 4 main cortical signs

Answer 3

aphasia
agnosia
eye deviation
neglect

Question 4

What is Apraxia?

Answer 4

the inability to carry out a learned skilled movement despite intact sensory, motor and language functions

Question 5

Lesions of the prefrontal cortex may cause ‘frontal release signs’ what is this phenomenon and why does it occur?

Answer 5

in adults, the prefrontal cortex inhibits reflexes which are normally present in infants; lesions in adults of the prefrontal cortex may unmask these reflexes; always pathological in an adult

Question 6

Grasp Reflex

Answer 6

can be elicited by stroking the palm of the hand; the patient will grasp the finger, even if instructed not to do so

Question 7

Glabellar Reflex

Answer 7

repetitive taps between the eyebrows will cause the patient’s eyes to blink, even if they are instructed not to; in a normal individual, a blink might occur with a couple of taps and then stop

Question 8

Suck Reflex

Answer 8

gently touching the lips may evoke a sucking response

Question 9

Snout Reflex

Answer 9

light tapping of the closed lips or nasal philtrum near the midline will evoke a pouting or pursing of the lips

Question 10

Rooting reflex

Answer 10

gently stroking the cheek will cause the individual to turn their mouth towards an object (tactile rooting) or to turn their eyes towards an object brought into their field of view (visual rooting)

Question 11

deep white matter of the hemispheres lies immediately beneath the cortex is called? (two names)

Answer 11

Medullary Center or centrum semiovale

Question 12

Association Pathways connect what?

Answer 12

white matter pathways that connect areas within a single hemisphere

Question 13

Lesion where results in conduction aphasia? Describe conduction aphasia

Answer 13

arcuate fasciculus
understand and can speak language; yet they give incoherent and inappropriate responses to questions; they appear to have difficulty in integrating what is heard with what they want to say

Question 14

Where are the cell bodies of origin for the cingulum and function of cingulum

Answer 14

cingulate gyrus
the cingulum is a major pathway allowing the emotional content of our experiences to be integrated with our memories/cognition

Question 15

Commissural pathways connect what?

Answer 15

axons which connect neurons between the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

Question 16

Projection pathways connect what

Answer 16

represent axons going to and from the cortex (ascending and descending axons)

Question 17

From lateral to medial, name the 3 capsules in a coronal section of the brain

Answer 17

extreme, external, and the internal capsules

Question 18

Describe the blood supply to all the limbs of the internal capsule and what is the most common area of stroke within the internal capsule?

Answer 18

ACA - Anterior Limb
MCA - Genu
Lteral Striate branches of MCA - Posterior limb
Posterior limb of the internal capsule is a major site for both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes

Question 19

Basal Ganglia are derived from what embryological origin?

Answer 19

Prosencephalon

Question 20

Dorsal Striatal structures of the basal ganglia are primarily involved with what?

Answer 20

motor behavior

Question 21

Ventral striatal structures of basal ganglia are primarily involved with what?

Answer 21

non-motor limbic functions

Question 22

What deep brain structures make up the corpus striatum?

Answer 22

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

Question 23

What deep brain structures make up the (neo)striatum?

Answer 23

caudate and putamen

Question 24

What deep brain structures make up the Lenticular Nucleus?

Answer 24

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 25

Describe the general organization of thalamic nuclei for limbic system, motor, and sensory nucei.

Answer 25

limbic system nuclei lie most anterior and medial
motor nuclei lie just lateral to limbic system nuclei
sensory nuclei lie most lateral and posterior in the thalamus

Question 26

Thalamus is derived from what embryological origin?

Answer 26

prosencephalon