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Biological Foundations of Mental Health > Cerebral cortex and mental health > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

From which cortices does the association cortex take information?

A
  • Primary and secondary sensorimotor cortices
  • Brain stem
  • Thalamus
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2
Q

To which cortices does the association cortex send information?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal ganglia
  • Hippocampus
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3
Q

Is there information flowing between the different association cortex?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What are the top-down effects on perception?

A

From higher level areas to modulate activity in primary sensory cortex
-> our expectations from context or prior experience can influence how we interpret ambiguous stimuli

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5
Q

How does the association cortex modulate top-down effects on our perception?

A

Integrates sensory and motor information

  • to produce meaningful perception of the world around us
  • allowing for abstract representation and flexible behaviour
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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the association cortex?

A
  1. Posterior (parietal) association area
  2. Anterior (frontal) association area
  3. Limbic (temporal) association area
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7
Q

What is the posterior (parietal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Attention

- Convergence of visual, auditory, somatosensory information

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8
Q

What is the anterior (frontal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Planning
  • Decision making
  • Working memory
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9
Q

What is the limbic (temporal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Long term memory
  • Emotional responses
  • > affect our behaviour
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10
Q

What are the executive functions?

A
  • Generating
  • Planning
  • Monitoring
  • Task-switching
  • Inhibition
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11
Q

Who developed the Wisconsin card sort test?

What does it test?

A

Grand and Berg (1948)

  • cognitive reasoning
  • ability to adapt to changing rules
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12
Q

What does the Tower of Hanoi test?

A
  • Cognitive abilities
  • you have to plan several moves in advance
  • > ability to plan
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13
Q

What does the Stroop test?

A

Inhibition

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14
Q

What does the N-back task test?

A

Working memory

- you have to remember which objects have been shown, tap the same object when it comes up

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15
Q

What are the 2 sources of evidence on executive functions and frontal lobe deficits?

A
  • Neuroimaging (e.g. fMRI)

- Neuropsychological studies of acquired brain damage to frontal lobes (e.g. Phineas Gage)

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16
Q

What are the findings of fMRI studies on frontal lobe activity?

A
  • Activation in frontal regions is greatest for novel tasks

- Decreases across the blocks of an inhibition task as the volunteers become more practised at the test

17
Q

What characterises Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A

> Impaired social and communicative development

> Rigid and repetitive behaviours and interests

> Poor performance on executive function tasks
- Tower of Hanoi, Wisconsin card sort test

> Dislike for change

> Preference for narrow routines and repetition

-> impairment in frontal functions necessary for adaptive responses to change and novelty

18
Q

What is the Theory of mind?

A

The ability to recognise others’ thoughts, beliefs and desires, putting yourself in another person’s shoes

19
Q

How is ASD associated to the Theory of mind?

A
  • People with ASD tend to have difficulty understanding what others are thinking
  • They often get confused by social situations and struggle with communication
20
Q

What are the Theory of mind tasks?

A
  • Animations (Frith-Happé triangles animations)
  • Static cartoons
  • Written stories

-> Cause healthy volunteers to think about other people’s thoughts

21
Q

How do people with ASD often react to the Frith-Happé triangles animations?

A

Often see moving triangles and don’t attribute thoughts to them

22
Q

What do fMRI results show when people with ASD complete the Theory of mind animations task?

A

Their brain activity differs from healthy controls in

  • extra-striate cortex
  • basal temporal
  • superior temporal sulcus
  • medial prefrontal
  • even when they answer the questions correctly
23
Q

What do brain scans suggest about the top-down effect in people with ASD?

A

Reduced top-down effect, especially when they’re looking at faces vs. other objects

24
Q

What characterises the cerebral connectivity in ASD?

A

Atypical cerebral connectivity

- no circumscribed lesions, unlike patients with acquired frontal lobe damage

Biological Foundations of Mental Health (15 decks)

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