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Current - BFoMH [Private] > Cerebral cortex and mental health > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

From which cortices does the association cortex take information?

A
  • Primary and secondary sensorimotor cortices
  • Brain stem
  • Thalamus
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2
Q

To which cortices does the association cortex send information?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal ganglia
  • Hippocampus
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3
Q

Is there information flowing between the different association cortex?

A

Yes, the information is flowing between the different association cortex

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4
Q

What are the top-down effects on perception?

A

From higher level areas to modulate activity in primary sensory cortex :

  • our expectations from context or prior experience can influence how we interpret ambiguous stimuli
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5
Q

How does the association cortex modulate top-down effects on our perception?

A
  • Integrates sensory and motor information
    • to produce meaningful perception of the world around us
    • allowing for abstract representation and flexible behaviour
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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the association cortex?

A
  1. Posterior (parietal) association area
  2. Anterior (frontal) association area
  3. Limbic (temporal) association area
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7
Q

What is the posterior (parietal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Attention
  • Convergence of visual, auditory, somatosensory information
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8
Q

What is the anterior (frontal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Planning
  • Decision making
  • Working memory
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9
Q

What is the limbic (temporal) association area responsible for?

A
  • Long term memory
  • Emotional responses
  • > affect our behaviour
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10
Q

What are the executive functions?

A
  • Generating
  • Planning
  • Monitoring
  • Task-switching
  • Inhibition
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11
Q

Who developed the Wisconsin card sort test?
What does it test?

A

Grand and Berg (1948)

  • cognitive reasoning
  • ability to adapt to changing rules
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12
Q

What does the Tower of Hanoi test?

A
  • Cognitive abilities
  • you have to plan several moves in advance
  • > ability to plan
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13
Q

What does the Stroop test?

A

Words (for colours) are printed in a different color

  • Test of Inhibition
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14
Q

What does the N-back task test?

A

Working memory
- you have to remember which objects have been shown, tap the same object when it comes up

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15
Q

What are the 2 sources of evidence on executive functions and frontal lobe deficits?

A
  • Neuroimaging (e.g. fMRI)
  • Neuropsychological studies of acquired brain damage to frontal lobes (e.g. Phineas Gage)
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16
Q

What are the findings of fMRI studies on frontal lobe activity?

A
  • Activation in frontal regions is greatest for novel tasks
  • Decreases across the blocks of an inhibition task as the volunteers become more practised at the test
17
Q

What characterises Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A
  • Impaired social and communicative development
  • Rigid and repetitive behaviours and interests
  • Poor performance on executive function tasks
  • Tower of Hanoi, Wisconsin card sort test
  • Dislike for change
  • Preference for narrow routines and repetition
    • impairment in frontal functions necessary for adaptive responses to change and novelty
18
Q

What is the Theory of mind?

A

The ability to recognise others’ thoughts, beliefs and desires, putting yourself in another person’s shoes

19
Q

How is ASD associated to the Theory of mind?

A
  • People with ASD tend to have difficulty understanding what others are thinking
  • They often get confused by social situations and struggle with communication
20
Q

What are the Theory of mind tasks?

A
  • Animations (Frith-Happé triangles animations)
  • Static cartoons
  • Written stories

-> Cause healthy volunteers to think about other people’s thoughts

21
Q

How do people with ASD often react to the Frith-Happé triangles animations?

A

Often see moving triangles and don’t attribute thoughts to them

22
Q

What do fMRI results show when people with ASD complete the Theory of mind animations task?

A

Their brain activity differs from healthy controls in

  • extra-striate cortex
  • basal temporal
  • superior temporal sulcus
  • medial prefrontal
  • even when they answer the questions correctly
23
Q

What do brain scans suggest about the top-down effect in people with ASD?

A

Reduced top-down effect, especially when they’re looking at faces vs. other objects

24
Q

What characterises the cerebral connectivity in ASD?

A

Atypical cerebral connectivity
- no circumscribed lesions, unlike patients with acquired frontal lobe damage

Current - BFoMH [Private] (15 decks)

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