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BRS 2 > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What are included in the grey matter?

A

Deep nuclei

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2
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised superficially?

A

Highly folded surface with gyri and sulci (indentations)

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3
Q

What are the 6 microscopic layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

1) Molecular layer
2) External granular layer
3) External pyramidal layer
4) Internal granular layer
5) Internal pyramidal layer
6) Multiform layer

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4
Q

What are the total number of cytoarchitecture classifications are there?

A

52

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5
Q

Which cytoarchitecture regions are associated with the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

1,2,3

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6
Q

Which cytoarchitecture region is associated with the primary motor cortex?

A

4

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7
Q

What are the four cerebral lobes?

A

Occipital,
Parietal
Temporal
Frontal lobes

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8
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Associated with regulating and initiating motor function (Primary motor cortex)

  • Language (Broca’s area)
  • Cognitive (executive, including planning and problem solving)
  • Attention and memory
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9
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Includes the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for processing somatic sensations.
• Touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch and vibration
• Sensory aspects of language
• Spatial orientation and self-perception.

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10
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory information including the primary auditory cortex, and Wernicke’s area (Comprehension and understanding of speech).
• Emotions
• Memory

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11
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processes visual information, including the:

• Primary visual cortex and visual association area

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12
Q

What four structures are connected within the limbic system?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Mamillary body
  • Cingulate gyrus
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13
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Resides deep within the lateral fissure

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14
Q

What five functions are concerned with the insular cortex?

A
  1. Visceral sensations
  2. Autonomic control
  3. Interocepetion
  4. Auditory processing
  5. Visual-vestibular integration (Input from balance organs).
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15
Q

What do the grey matter structures represent?

A

Includes neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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16
Q

What do the white matter structures represent?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts (resides deep)

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17
Q

What are the three white matter tracts?

A

Association fibres
Comnissural fibres
Projection fibres

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18
Q

What are the association fibres?

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

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19
Q

What are the commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structure in left and right hemisphere

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20
Q

What are the projection fibrs?

A

Connect cortex within lower brain structure (Thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord)

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21
Q

What are the two types of association fibres?

A

Comprise of both short (U-fibres) and long fibres

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22
Q

What are the four association fibres?

A
  • Superior longitudinal fasciculus connects the frontal and occipital lobes.
  • Arcuate fasciculus connects the frontal and temporal lobes
  • Inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects temporal and occipital lobes
  • Uncinate fasciculus connects the anterior frontal lobe and temporal lobes
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23
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and occipital lobe

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24
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and temporal lobe

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25
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The temporal and occipital lobes

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26
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

The anterior frontal lobe and temporal lobes

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27
Q

What are the two commissural fibres?

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

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28
Q

What are the afferent projection fibres?

A

Fibres that project towards the cortex

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29
Q

What are the efferent projection fibres?

A

Fibres that project away from the cortex

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30
Q

Where do the projection fibres radiate as?

A

Deeper to the cortex radiate as the corona radiata

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31
Q

Where does the corona radiata converge through?

A

The internal capsule

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32
Q

Where is the internal capsule?

A

Resides between the thalamus and basal ganglia

33
Q

What are the differences between primary cortices and secondary/association cortices?

A

Function predictable/ less predictable

Organised topographically

34
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex reside?

A

Within the pre-central gyrus

35
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

Controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements

36
Q

What motor functions are associated with the supplementary area?

A

Involved in planning movements (externally cued); orchestrating the series of events prior to the movements taking placed –> Plan to move a limb.

37
Q

What motor functions are concerned with the premotor area?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (internally cued), plan to coordinate fibres to generate speech.

38
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature).

39
Q

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex reside?

A

Post-central gyrus

40
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

Interpret significance of sensory information e.g. recognising an object placed in the hand

Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

41
Q

What are the two regions associated with the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

Visual association area

42
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives visual input from the optic nerve via the optic radiations

43
Q

What is the visual association area?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

44
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

Tonographically arranged to specific frequencies

45
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

46
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Concerned with attention, adjusting social behaviour, planning, personality expression and decision making

47
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

Resides within the left cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobe
Responsible for the production of language (Associated with motor regions)

48
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Resides within the left temporal lobe

Associated with comprehension and understanding of language

49
Q

What are the symptoms of a frontal lobe lesion?

A

Changes in personality and inappropriate behaviour

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a parietal lobe lesion?

A
  • Contralateral neglect (Hemispatial)
  • Lack of awareness of self on left side
  • Lack of awareness of left side of extra-personal space.
51
Q

What are the clinical manifestations with temporal lobe lesions?

A

Leads to agnosia
Anterograde amnesia
Aphasia

52
Q

What are anterograde amnesia?

A

Cannot form new memories

53
Q

What is the risk implicated in a Bilateral resection of anterior medial temporal lobe structures to cure epilepsy?

A

Anterograde amnesia

54
Q

What is the risk of a Broca’s area lesion?

A

Expressive aphasia - impaired production of speech, comprehension is intact

55
Q

What is the risk of a Wernicke’s area lesion?

A

Receptive aphasia- poor comprehension of speech, production of speech is maintained

56
Q

How are the Wernicke’s and Broca’s area connected?

A

Via the arcuate fasciculus (from frontal and temporal lobe)

57
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex leads to what clinical manifestation?

A

Blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

58
Q

Damage to the visual association area will lead to what clinical manifestation?

A

Prosopagnosia

59
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

60
Q

What imaging modalities are used in assessing cortical fucntion?

A

PET and fMRI

61
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Blood flow directly to a brain region associated with a particular active function, using radioactively labelled glucose (fluorodeoxyglucose)

62
Q

What does a fMRI assess?

A

This assesses blood oxygenation in a particular brain region (determines the increase in oxygen being delivered to a region of the brain implies increased activity

63
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

Spatial resolution refers to the ability to zoom in onto a specific region and temporal refers to how quickly certain things are changing.

64
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Encephalography (EEG)
Measures the electrical signals produced by the brain frequently used in the diagnosis of epilepsy and sleep disorders.
• Event-evoked potentials

Used to ascertain where the signal is blocked

65
Q

What is MEG?

A

Measures magnetic signals produced by the brain

66
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

Assesses the functional integrity of neural circuits

Stimulator (magnetic) relies on the production of changing magnetic field which gives rise to electric fields obeying Faraday’s law.

67
Q

What are the research areas of TMS?

A 
TMS can be used to modulate or downregulate overactive brain regions by interfering with transmission. 
•	Can reduce the onset of epilepsy 
•	TMS in tinnitus patients
•	Preventative for migraine
•	Treatment in depressive disorders.
68
Q

What is tDCS?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
• Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates.
• Power dimes can be used to alter the firing rates of neurones.

69
Q

Which imaging modality is used to assess structure of the cerebrum?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging - based on diffusion of water molecules

70
Q

What is DTI with tractography?

A

3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

71
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A 
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as an inflammatory demyelinating disease characterised by episodic neurological dysfunction of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). 
•	It is an autoimmune disorder. 
•	Blurred vision, fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness, paraesthesia throughout the body, muscle stiffness and spasms.
72
Q

Which wave corresponds to a fast motor response?

A

M (motor) wave

73
Q

What is the H-reflex?

A

Induces an indirect response of the motor neurone via a monosynaptic reflex in the spinal cord

74
Q

What is an F-wave?

A

A large electrical stimulus can cause activation of the motor axons to conduct antidromically. These action potentials travel along the motor nerve to the spinal cord  Cause lower motor neurones in the spinal cord to become activated.

75
Q

What is an orthodromic wave?

A

Wave travelling in the normal direction in a nerve fibre

76
Q

What is an antidromic wave?

A

Travelling in the opposite direction to that normal in a nerve fibre

77
Q

What happens when increasing the stimulus intensity to the F wave?

A

Results in action potential being generated antidromically -> F wave

78
Q

What is the total motor conduction time (TMCT)?

A

Total time from primary motor cortex to muscle (MEP latency)

79
Q

What is the peripheral motor conduction time (PMCT)?

A

Time from spinal cord to muscle along the motor axon

BRS 2 (62 decks)

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