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BRS NEURO > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

cerebral cortex

A 
the outermost layer of the brain
contains grey matter
2-3mm thick
folded into gyri and sulci
organised into layers and columns microscopically
organised into lobes macroscopically
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2
Q

lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
limbic
insular
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3
Q

functions of frontal lobe

A 
regulating and initiating motor function
language
executive cognitive function
attention
memory
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4
Q

functions of parietal lobe

A

sensation (touch, pain)
sensory aspects of language
spatial orientation and self-perception

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5
Q

functions of occipital lobe

A

processing visual information

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6
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

processing auditory information
emotions
memories

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7
Q

functions of limbic lobe

A 
contains: amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, cingulate gyrus
learning
memory
emotion
motivation and reward
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8
Q

functions of insular cortex

A 
lies deep within lateral fissure
visceral sensations
autonomic control
interoception
auditory processing
visual-vestibular integration
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9
Q

grey matter structure

A

neuronal cell bodies
glial cells
(around 85 billion of each)

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10
Q

white matter structure

A

myelinated neuronal axons

arranged in tracts

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11
Q

white matter tracts

A

connect cortical areas - act as a relay and coordinate communication between different brain regions

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12
Q

types of white matter tracts

A

association fibres
commisural fibres
projection fibres

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13
Q

association fibres

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

can be short or long

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14
Q

comissural fibres

A

connect homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

projection fibres

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord)
afferent - towards cortex
efferent - away from cortex
converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

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16
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

association fibre that connects frontal and occipital lobes

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17
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

association fibre that connects frontal and temporal lobes

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18
Q

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

A

association fibre that connects temporal and occipital lobes

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19
Q

uncinate fasciculus

A

association fibre that connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes

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20
Q

corona radiata

A

projection fibres that radiate from cortex to brainstem

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21
Q

localisation of function

A

the theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviors, processes or activities

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22
Q

primary cortices

A

predictable function
organised topographically
symmetry between left and right

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23
Q

secondary/ association cortices

A 
function less predictable
not organised topographically
left-right symmetry weak or absent
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24
Q

primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)
controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements
provides descending signals to execute movements

25
Q

supplementary motor area

A

frontal lobe

involved in planning movements e.g externally cued

26
Q

premotor area

A

frontal lobe

involved in planning complex movements e.g internally cued

27
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A 
parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)
processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body e.g
fine touch
vibration
proprioception
pain
temperature
28
Q

somatosensory association area

A

parietal lobe
interpret significance of sensory information e.g recognizing an object placed in the hand
awareness of self and personal space

29
Q

primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

processes visual stimuli

30
Q

visual association cortex

A

occipital lobe

gives meaning and interpretation of visual stimuli

31
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

processes auditory stimuli

32
Q

auditory association cortex

A

temporal lobe

gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

33
Q

prefrontal cortex

A 
frontal lobe
attention
adjusting social  behavior
planning
personality expression
decision making
34
Q

broca’s area

A

left frontal lobe
motor functions
production of speech
connected to wernicke’s area by arcuate fasciculus

35
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left temporal lobe
sensory functions
understanding of language
connected to broca’s area by arcuate fasciculus

36
Q

frontal lobe lesions

A

changes in personality

inappropriate behavior

37
Q

parietal lobe lesions

A

contralateral neglect
e.g right parietal lesion will cause
lack of awareness on left side
lack of extrapersonal space awareness on left side

38
Q

temporal lobe lesions

A

lateral or medial
leads to agnosia - inability to recognize
anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories

39
Q

broca’s area lesion

A

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech

comprehension intact

40
Q

wernicke’s area lesion

A

receptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech

production intact

41
Q

primary visual cortex lesion

A

blindness in corresponding part of visual field

42
Q

visual association lesion

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g prosopagnosia - inability to recognize familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

43
Q

imaging modalities for assessing cortical function

A

PET - positron emission tomography
shows blood flow directly to a specific brain region
which area of the brain consumes more glucose(red)

fMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging
shows amount of blood oxygen in a specific brain region

44
Q

encephalography for assessing cortical function

A

stimulate periphery -> measure brain
measures activity (in the form of evoked potentials) produced by stimulation e.g
epilepsy/ seizures
sleep disorders

EEG - electroencephalography
measures electrical signals produced by the brain

MEG - magnetoencephalography
measures magnetic signals produced by the brain

45
Q

evoked potentials in encephalography

A

potentials can be evoked:

visually - electrodes placed on the head and a visual stimulus given

somatosensorally - electrodes placed around head and back and stimulus given to median nerve on skin
produces a series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

46
Q

brain stimulation for assessing cortical function

A

stimulate brain -> measure periphery

TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation
uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons assess the functional integrity of neural circuits
used to investigate neural interactions controlling movement following spinal cord injury
used to investigate whether a specific brain area is responsible for a function e.g speech

tDCS - transcranial direct current
uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates
can make people better/worse at something by stimulating brain regions

47
Q

imaging modalities for assessing brain function

A

can show damage to brain regions or tracts connecting regions

DTI - diffusion tensor imaging
based on diffusion of water molecules

DTI with tractography
3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

48
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disorder which results in loss of myelin from neurons in the CNS e. brain and spinal cord

49
Q

main symptoms of MS

A 
blurred vision
fatigue
dufficulty walking
parasthesia (numbness/tingling) in different parts of body
muscle stiffness
spasms
50
Q

orthodromic activation

A

impulse travels in the normal direction in a neuron

51
Q

antidromic activation

A

impulse travels in the opposite direction to normal in a neuron

52
Q

peripheral nerve stimulation - M wave

A

an electrical stimulus of an appropriate intensity to a peripheral nerve can activate sensory and motor axons

activation of motor axons can cause action potentials to travel along the nerve to cause muscle contraction - a twitch - which is recorded with electromyography (EMG)

this fast response is called the M (motor)- wave and takes about 8ms

53
Q

peripheral nerve stimulation - H wave

A

an electrical stimulus of an appropriate intensity to a peripheral nerve can activate sensory and motor axons

activation of sensory axons can cause action potentials to travel along the nerve to the spinal cord.
then lower motor neurons in the spinal cord become activated.
action potentials in the motor axons can travel along the motor neuron to the muscle where they cause contraction - a twitch

this a reflex activation of the muscle called an H (after Hoffmann) wave and takes about 30ms

54
Q

peripheral nerve stimulation - F wave

A

a large electrical stimulus can cause activation of the motor axons to conduct antidromically

these action potentials travel along the motor nerve to the spinal cord (opposite direction)
these can activate the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
action potentials then travel along the motor axons tro the muscle where they cause contraction - a twitch

this is not a reflex response, it is called the F wave as it was first seen in the foot and takes about 30ms

55
Q

motor evoked potential (MEP)

A

motor cortex stimulated using TMS causing activation of upper motor neurons
this causes actions potentials to travel along the entire motor pathway (upper and lower motor neurons)
this causes muscle contraction, an EMG response known as motor evoked potential (MEP)

56
Q

total motor conduction time (TMCT)

A

time from brain to muscle (MEP latency) about 35ms to soleus muscle

57
Q

peripheral motor conduction time (PMCT)

A

time from spinal cord to muscle along motor axon:

(M latency + F latency-1)/2

the -1 is the estimated time for the action potentials arriving at the lower motor neuron cell body to turn around

58
Q

central motor conduction time (CMCT)

A

TMCT - PMCT

59
Q

effect of MS on brain stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation

A

longer than usual MEP latency
problem along upper or lower motor neurons or both (unknown)

TMCT delayed

normal F wave latency so no issue with lower motor neurons

PMCT normal

therefore problem must be in CNS

BRS NEURO (8 decks)

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