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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Divisions of Cerebellum

A
  1. Cerebrocerebellum: plans complex motions and learning
  2. Spinocerebellum: postural control (vermis), feedback control of ongoing motion + ballistic motion (lateral)
  3. Vestibulocerebellum: balance and eye movements; receives info directly from vestibular receptors
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2
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract (DSCT)

A

Function: unconscious precise proprioceptive info from lower body
Origin: nucleus dorsalis (C8-L1)
Course: ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: anterior vermis of cerebellum

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3
Q

Direct Arcuate Fibers/Cuneocerebellar Tract

A

Function: unconscious, precise proprioceptive info from upper body
Origin: accessory cuneate nucleus
Course: inferior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: vermis

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4
Q

Trigeminocerebellar Tract

A

Function: unconscious precise sensory tract from face; general proprioceptive and exteroceptive info from head
Origin: subnuclei rostralis, interpolis of descending nucleus of V
Course: superior cerebellar peduncle (precise info); inferior cerebellar peduncle (general)
Termination: trigeminocerebellar fibers of anterior vermis

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5
Q

Arcuocerebellar Fibers

A

Function: cerebro-cerebellar feedback loop; receive fibers from ipsilateral cerebral cortex
Origin: arcuate nuclei of upper medulla
Course: inferior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: contralateral cerebellar hemisphere via external arcuate fibers

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6
Q

Reticulocerebellar Fibers

A

Function: convey general sensory modalities
Origin: lateral reticular nuclei
Course: inferior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: bilateral cerebellar hemispheres

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7
Q

Olivocerebellar Fibers

A

Function: processing/relay center of sensory info from spinal cord and motor info from reticular formation and extrapyramidal system
Origin: inferior olivary nucleus
Course: inferior cerebellar peduncle
Temination: climbing fibers in contralateral cerebellar hemisphere

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8
Q

Mossy Fibers

A
  • from spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system, pontine nuclei
  • input from spinal cord and brainstem reticular formation via inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • input from pontine nuclei via middle cerebellar peduncle
  • synapse with cerebellar granule cells and Golgi cell interneurons
  • somatosensory arousal, equilibrium, and cerebral cortex motor info to the cerebellum
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9
Q

Climbing Fibers

A
  • originate in the contralateral inferior olive
  • myelinated
  • send axons to synapse directly on the Purkinje cells via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • convey movement errors
  • induce changes in cerebellar synapses = motor learning
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10
Q

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

A

from medial to lateral:

  1. Fastigial N
  2. Globose Nucleus
  3. Emboliform Nucleus
  4. Dentate Nucleus
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11
Q

Fastigial Nucleus

A
  • most medial nucleus
  • vestibular functions and connections
  • projects cerebellovestibular efferents to vestibular system with globose n
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12
Q

Globose Nucleus

A
  • projects cerebellovestibular efferents to vestibular system with fastigial n
  • efferents from the lateral globose course with fibers from emboliform n and dentate n
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13
Q

Emboliform Nucleus

A

-sends efferents fibers through superior cerebellar peduncle with fibers of dentate n and globose n

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14
Q

Dentate Nucleus

A

-efferents with fibers of emboliform n and globose n
projects dentato-rubral and dentato-rubrothalamic fibers to:
-red nucleus
-ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus
-brainstem tegmentum
-reticular formation

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15
Q

Tectocerebellar Fibers

A

Function: convey visual and auditory info
Origin: superior and inferior colliculi
Course: superior or middle cerebellar peduncles
Termination: cerebellar hemisphere

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16
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract (VSCT)

A

I.
Function: unconscious, general proprioceptive info from lumbosacral levels
Origin: neurons in base of dorsal horn and intermediate grey matter > anterior white commissure > ascends in lateral funiculus
Course: superior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: ant vermis cerebellum

II.
Function: gross postural adjustments and overall proprioception of lower limb
Origin: lumbosacral spinal cord > terminate on scattered cells in base of dorsal horn and intermediate grey > secondary axons crossover in ant commissure > ascend in contralateral ventral spinocerebellar tract
Course: superior cerebellar peduncle
Termination: cerebellar cortex of vermis

17
Q

Central Tegmental Fasciculus

A
  • link between extrapyramidal system and cerebellum
  • originates in red nucleus, periaqueductal grey, and midbrain tegmentum
  • olivocerebellar fibers
  • inferior cerbellar peduncle
18
Q

ICP Tracts

A

primary afferent pathways from spinal cord

  1. DSCT
  2. Direct Arcuate Fibers/Cuneocerebellar
  3. Trigemino cerebellar
  4. Arcuocerebellar
  5. Reticulocerebellar
  6. Olivocerebellar
19
Q

SCP Tracts

A
  • major efferent route from globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei
  • also afferent fibers from VSCT
    1. VSCT
    2. Trigemino cerebellar
    3. Tectocerebellar
20
Q

MCP Tracts

A
  • largest peduncle

- afferent fibers from pontine nuclei relayed to cortex

21
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia

A

lack of muscle control of coordination of voluntary motion

22
Q

Midline Ataxia

A
  • vestibulocerebellum or spinocerebellum lesion
  • truncal instability
  • titubation (nodding)
  • Gait ataxia: wide base, irregular steps (lateral veering if only 1 side affected)
23
Q

Appendicular Ataxia

A
  • speech ataxia (scanning dysarthria)
  • hypotonia (decreased muscle tone)
  • decomposition of movement
  • dysmetria - inability to accurately move intended distance
  • dysdiadochokinesia - difficulty with rapid alternating movements
24
Q

Cerebellar vs Sensory Ataxia

A

Cerebellar:
-difficulty with narrow base regardless if eyes closed or open
-normal vibratory sense proprioception and ankle reflexes
Sensory:
-narrow base with eyes open but not closed
-abnormal vibratory sense, proprioceptiom, ank;e reflexes

25
Q

Nystagmus

A

rapid involuntary eye motions

26
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapid alternating movements in controlled, coordinated fashion

27
Q

Dysmetria

A

disturbance of trajectory or placement of body part during a movement, both in range and direction

28
Q

Action Tremor

A

occurs with voluntary movements of muscle

29
Q

Dysarthria

A

difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal

30
Q

Decomposition of Movement

A

difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly

31
Q

Cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres)

A
  • input: cerebral cortex, inferior olivary nucleus of medulla, pontine nuclei
  • output: thalamus red nucleus
  • function: planning and execution of movements, coordination of complex and sequential motor movements, cognition, language, learning, emotions
  • lesions: abnormal coordination of ipsilateral voluntary movements, fall toward side of lesion, dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, scanning speech/ataxic dysarthria
32
Q

Spinocerebellum (vermis and intermediate zone)

A
  • input: spinal cord
  • vermis: input from trunk and proximal part of limbs
  • intermediate zones: input from distal part of limbs
  • Function: coordination of body and limb movement, maintenance of muscle tone, error correction, receives proprioceptive info
  • vermis function: central body (trunk, head, proximal limbs)
  • Intermediate zones: distal limbs (hands, fingers, feet)
  • lesions of vermis: trunk and proximal muscles affected, truncal ataxia, gait ataxia (wide-based), head tilting
  • lesions of intermediate zones: ipsilateral distal limbs affected, limb ataxia, hypotonia, dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia
33
Q

Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

A
  • input: vestibular nuclei of CN VIII, superior colliculi and visual cortex
  • outputs: fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei
  • function: balance, ocular motion and gaze stability
  • lesions: vertigo, nystagmus

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (11 decks)

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