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Postural Control > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the Cerebellum ?

A

It plays a role in sensorimotor integration. In feed-forward control it participates in pre-programming of voluntary movement. In feedback control it evaluates disparities between intention and action. When an error is detected, the cerebellar output modulates descending motor systems to influence muscle tone.

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2
Q

When is cerebellum activated the most ?

A

During the performance of a new action or during more complex actions which can cause more errors.

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3
Q

Which type of error is preferable during cerebellar motor learning ?

A

Small error

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4
Q

What are the global fonctions of the cerebellum ?

A
  • control of movement
  • prediction of movement
  • timing of movement
  • coordination of balance information, sensory information and motor plan
  • works in anticipation of sensory consequences after movement
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5
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebellum linked to balance

A
  • Eye stability control
  • Online and adaptative control of eye movement
  • Control of balance and equilibrium
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6
Q

What are the motor functions of cerebellum

A
  • inter limb coordination
  • intra limb coordination
  • muscular tone control
  • control of speech
  • cortico motor excitability
  • control of grip force
  • interaction in visuokinesthetic
  • perception of hand movement
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7
Q

What are the sensorymotor functions of the cerebellum

A
  • sensorimotor synchronization
  • proprioception
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8
Q

What is the pathway linking cerebellum to vestibular system, shortly describe it.

A
  • vestibulo cerebellar pathway
  • semi circular canals -> vestibular nerve -> cerebellum
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9
Q

Which part of the cerebellum are connected to the spinal cord ?

A
  • anterior lobe
  • vermis
  • paravermis
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10
Q

Name the three lobes of the cerebellum ?

A
  • anterior lobe
  • floculonodural lobe
  • posterior lobe
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11
Q

Which input is recieved by the floculonodular lobe ?

A

Info from the inner ear about balance

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12
Q

Which part of the Cerebellum recieved proprioceptive input ?

A

Cerebellar cortex

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13
Q

Which structures make the connexion between cerebellum and pons ?

A

Cerebellar pedoncules (superior, middle, inferior)

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14
Q

In case of MS which part of the cerebellum is mostly affected ?

A
  • arbor vitae
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15
Q

Name the deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  • Fastigial nucleus
  • Interposed nuclei (emboliform and globose nuclei)
  • Dentate nucleus
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16
Q

What are the signs of cerebellar ataxia ?

A
  • trunk muscle weakness
  • lack of stability/ extension in the trunk, hips and lower limb.
  • fixation of eyes (= cannot move eyes according to trunk and head position)
  • cerebellar tremor (action tremor)
  • impossibility to detect distance between 2 points
  • lack of coordination
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17
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for free eye navigation ?

A
  • occulomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Abducens
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18
Q

Which pathway is responsible for the head proprioception to cerebellum ?

A
  • trigeminal nerve
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19
Q

Which anatomical structures compose the spino cerebellum ?

A
  • vermis
  • anterior lobe
20
Q

What is the function of the spino cerebellum ?

A
  • feel the sensory info coming from every part of our body
  • recieves proprioceptive info from the skin, joints, tendons, muscles = unaware proprioception (which we cannot test !).
21
Q

Name the spino cerebellar pathways

A
  • dorsal spino cerebellar
  • ventral spino cerebellar
  • cuneo cerebellar
22
Q

What are the afferent signals conveyed by the dorsal spino cerebellar pathway ?

A
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • muscle spindles
  • touch and pressure
    From C8 to L3
23
Q

What are the afferent signals conveyed by the ventral spino cerebellar pathway ?

A
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • muscle spindles
  • touch and pressure
    Below L3
24
Q

What are the afferent signals conveyed by the ventral spino cerebellar pathway ?

A
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • muscle spindles
  • touch and pressure
25
Q

What are the afferent signals conveyed by cuneo cerebellar pathway ?

A
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • Muscle spindle
  • touch and pressure
    From C0 to C8
26
Q

Which part of the body is detected by the vermis ?

A

The trunk / axial part

27
Q

What is the function of the cerebro cerebellum ?

A

The online correction of the motor plan.
The cortex is responsible for motor planning. This plan is sent to the cerebro cerebellum to integrate informations recieved by CCB (vestibular and proprioceptive info). Then cerebellum resent these info corrected according the info he gathered under the form of a «perfect plan».

28
Q

Where does the connection between cortex and cerebro cerebellum take place ?

A

Via middle cerebellar pedoncle through cerebro ponto cerebellar fibers

29
Q

If there is a lesion on the left side of the cerebellum, where will it be located in the body ? Why ?

A

On the same side because there is a cross over in the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar connexion.

30
Q

What are the superior cerebellar peduncle efferent pathways ?

A
  • dento thalamic
  • dento Rubro thalamic
  • interposito rubral
31
Q

How to stimulate the remyelinisation of the cerebellum?

A
  • balance training
  • attention training
  • working memory training
32
Q

Does cerebellum works as feed back or feed forward ?

A

Feed forward : it plays a role in motor planning

33
Q

What are the signs of cerebellar disorders ?

A
  • hypotonia
  • astasia-abasia
  • ataxia
  • intention tremor
34
Q

What is hypotonia ?

A

Diminished resistance to passive limb displacements.

35
Q

What is astasia-abasia ?

A

Inability to stand or walk.
Astasia is the loss of ability to maintain a steady limb or body posture across multiple joints.
Abasia is the loss of ability to maintain upright stance against gravity.

36
Q

What is ataxia ?

A

Lack of coordination. Patient has issue to control the size of movement (dysmetria) and the rate and regularity of repeated movements.

37
Q

From which structures of the cerebellum does the comparator function arise ?

A

The interposed nucleus composed of emboli form and globose nuclei which project to the brainstem nuclei and appropriate limb areas in the motor cortex through the Thalamus.

38
Q

What is the role of the cerebro cerebellum ?

A

The cerebral cerebellum comprises the two lateral regions of the cerebellar hemispheres. It communicates with the cortex. It is part of a high level internal feedback circuit that plans movement and regulates cortical motor programs. It is involved in motor coordination and planning.

39
Q

What is the major outflow from cerebellum ?

A

Dentate nucleus via the superior cerebral peduncle. This pedoncle connects the cerebellar efférents through the midbrain to the thalamus and M1.

40
Q

What is the major outflow from the cerebellum ?

A

It’s the dentate nucleus via superior cerebellar peduncle connecting cerebellar efférents through the midbrain to the thalamus and M1.

41
Q

What is the major outflow from the cerebellum ?

A

It’s the dentate nucleus via superior cerebellar peduncle connecting cerebellar efférents through the midbrain to the thalamus and M1.

42
Q

Problem

A
43
Q

Describe the cortico-cerebellar cortical loop

A

1) frontal lobe
2) pontine nuclei
3) cerebellar cortex
4) deep cerebellar nuclei
5) red nucleus
6) thalamus
7) motor cortex

44
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the cerebro cerebellum ?

A

Inputs:
- associative cortex

Outputs:
- motor
- prefrontal
- parietal
- premotor cortices

45
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the spino cerebellum ?

A

Inputs:
- somatosensory receptors (limbs and trunk)
- motor cortex
- auditory and visual information

Outputs:
Spinal cord

46
Q

What are the symptoms of a cerebellar disorder ?

A
  • hypotonia / asthenia (especially antagonist and extensors)
  • ataxia (including dysmetria)
  • astasia-abasia
  • cerebellar tremor
  • fatigability (central)
  • cannot predict movement relative to an object mass
  • increased postural sway

Postural Control (4 decks)

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