cerebellum

Question 1

nystagmus

Answer 1

rapid back and forth eye movement

Question 2

pursuit

Answer 2

focusing eyes on a moving target

Question 3

saccade

Answer 3

rapid, jerking eye movement

Question 4

saccadic pursuit

Answer 4

eye are not able to follow a moving object smoothly but follow it in jumps and jerks

Question 5

hypermetric saccades

Answer 5

eyes cannot follow the moving target but jump from one target to another

Question 6

oscillopsia

Answer 6

symptoms that makes stationary objects look like they are moving to and from when they are not

Question 7

opsoclonus

Answer 7

chaotic saccade in all directions

Question 8

proprioception

Answer 8

ability to know where you are in space

Question 9

sensory ataxia

Answer 9

ataxia caused by proprioception problems

Question 10

which pathologies present with ataxia

Answer 10

• vestibular organ damage
• damage to frontal lobe cause gait that appears ataxic

Question 11

vestibular organ lesion for ataxia is associated with what

Answer 11

problems with hearing and tinnitus

Question 12

cerebellar lesion ataxia is associated with what

Answer 12

ataxic gait and nystagmus

Question 13

why do lesions to corticospinal and rubruspinal tracts cause ipsilateral signs

Answer 13

the tracts do not decussate

Question 14

hemiataxia

Answer 14

one sided ataxia

Question 15

lesions to the midline cerebellum (vestibulo and spino) cause what

Answer 15

truncal ataxia including:
* ataxic gait
* wide based stance and titubation

Question 16

lesions to the lateral cerebellum (cerebrocerebellum) cause what

Answer 16

appendicular ataxia including:
* ataxic gait
* intention tremor
* dysmetria
* dysdiadochokinesia

Question 17

what are causes acute lesions

Answer 17

stroke and trauma

Question 18

what results in chronic lesions and give examples of complications

Answer 18

heritable conditions and degenerative ataxias

patients die due to complications of their coordination, choking, aspirating pneumonia and injuries from fall

Question 19

what pathologies affect the cerebellum

Answer 19

congenital causes ( heritable: friedreich ataxia and telangiectasia)
infections
trauma
vascular (stroke and arterivenous malformation)
toxins
neoplastic ( benign or malignant tumours compressing cerebellum)
nutritional (vitamin B1 & B2 def and Vitamin E)
degenerative causes
hypothyroidism
wilsons disease (genetic disease that causes copper to build up in the body affecting the liver and brain

Question 20

cerebellar examinations

Answer 20

stance and gait
- heel to toe walking
- normal stance and gait
- Rombergs test
general observation
speech
eye movement
upper limbs
- pronator drift (eyes need to be closed, hands streched out)
- finger to nose
- rebound test
- dysdiadochokinesia
lower limbs
- dysdiadochokinesia
- heel to shin test

Question 21

what is the rombergs test

Answer 21

test for proprioception and not cerebellar function
- ask patient to stand with legs closed together and arms to tucked. ask patient to close eyes and if they fall there there is a problems with proprioception, swaying is not abnormal

Question 22

dysarthria

Answer 22

speech disorder,
speech ataxia

Question 23

truncal ataxia

Answer 23

ataxia affecting the torso and muscles close to the body (patient may sway when sitting or standing in severe forms)

patients may be unable to sit upright without back support

Question 24

titubation

Answer 24

sign on truncal ataxia.
head and neck tremor

Question 25

intention tremor

Answer 25

tremor increases as hand moves towards target object

Question 26

dysmetria

Answer 26

patient either over or under reaches when aiming at a target