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Anatomy Exam 4 > Central Nervous System Part I > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the human adult brain?

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the primary difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray Matter - short, nonmyelinated neurons + cell bodies

White Matter - mostly myelinated axons, some nonmyelinated axons, primarily organized in fiber tracts

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4
Q

Draw out the basic pattern of the CNS. How does this basic pattern differ in the brain stem and the cerebral cortex?

A
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5
Q

What are ventricles? What do they contain? What type of cell makes up their lining?

A

Ventricles - fluid-filled chambers

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lined with ependymal cells

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6
Q

What divides the paired, lateral ventricles?

A

Lateral Ventricles - large, paired, C-shaped chambers, deep within each hemisphere

Septum Pellucidum - thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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7
Q

What structure connects the paired lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

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8
Q

What structure connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct – the 4th ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Name the 3 openings that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

A

paired lateral apertures, 1 median aperture

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10
Q

Define gyri, sulci, and fissure. Know what is divided by the longitudinal fissure and the transverse cerebral fissure.

A

Gyri - ridges
Sulci - shallow grooves
Fissures - deep grooves

Longitudinal Fissure - separates the 2 hemispheres

Transverse Cerebral Fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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11
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere? Be able to label them in a picture.

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Insula

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12
Q

Be ready to label the central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, and lateral sulcus.

A
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13
Q

What are the 3 basic regions within each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cerebral Cortex - superficial gray matter

Internal white matter

Basal Nuclei - islands of gray matter deep within white matter

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14
Q

List the functions of the cerebral cortex.

A

The “executive suite” of the brain

Thin (2-4mm), superficial layer of gray matter

Site of the conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, initiation of voluntary motor tasks, communication, memory storage, understanding

Composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels – no axons!

Contains billions of neurons; accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain

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15
Q

Define a domain.

A

the place a particular motor or sensory function is localized

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? What does each type of functional area do?

A

Motor Areas - control voluntary movement

Sensory Areas - conscious awareness of sensation

Association Areas - integrate diverse information

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17
Q

Define contralateral and the concept of lateralization.

A

Contralateral - (opposite) side of the body

Lateralization - specialization of cortical function in only one hemisphere

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18
Q

Be ready to identify in a picture AND know the function of the following areas: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca’s area, and frontal eye field.

A
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19
Q

Define: pyramidal cells, pyramidal/corticospinal tracts, somatotopy, and homunculus.

A

Pyramidal Cells - large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements

Pyramidal (Corticospinal) Tracts - formed from the long axons of the pyramidal cells that project down to the spinal cord

Somatotopy - all specific areas of the body can be mapped to specific areas on the primary motor cortex

Motor Homunculi - upside-down, caricature-like representation of the motor innervation of the contralateral body regions

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20
Q

A stroke (cerebrovascular accident) can cause damage in the primary motor cortex. What will the symptoms of primary motor cortex damage look like?

A

Paralyzes the muscle controlled by tose area

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21
Q

What about damage of the premotor cortex?

A

Loss of motor skills programmed by that region

22
Q

Write out what you know about the motor and sensory homunculi. Which areas have a lot of representation? Which areas only have a little?

A
23
Q

Be ready to identify in a picture AND know the function of the following areas: primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, primary visual cortex, visual association area, primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, vestibular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, and visceral sensory area.

A
24
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Function)

A

Located in postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Receives general sensory information from skin and the proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons

Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated

25
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex (Function)

A

Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

Integrates the sensory inputs relayed to it from the primary somatosensory cortex to provide an understanding of an object being felt - determines size, texture, and relationship of the parts

26
Q

Primary Visual (Striate) Cortex (Function)

A

Largest cortical sensory area

Receives visual information that originates on the retinas

The visual space on the opposite side of the body is mapped to the primary visual cortex

27
Q

Visual Association Area (Function)

A

Covers much of the occipital lobe and communicates with the primary visual cortex

Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, or movement) Ex: ability to recognize faces

Complex processing involves entire posterior half of cerebral hemisphere

28
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (Function)

A

Interprets information from the sound receptors in the inner ear – determines pitch, loudness, and location

29
Q

Auditory Association Area (Function)

A

Stores memory of sounds, and permits perception of the sound stimulus

30
Q

Vestibular Cortex (Function)

A

Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space)

31
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex (Function)

A

Part of primitive rhinencephalon – along with the olfactory bulbs and tracts. In humans, the remainder of the rhinencephalon becomes part of the limbic system.

Involved in conscious awareness of odors

Receives impulses from the superior nasal cavity

32
Q

Gustatory Cortex (Function)

A

Involved in perceiving taste stimuli

33
Q

Visceral Sensory Area (Function)

A

Provides conscious perception of visceral sensations - ex: upset stomach or full bladder

34
Q

Define functional blindness and face blindness. What’s the difference between these from a physiological perspective?

A
35
Q

What are the 3 multimodal association areas?

A

Posterior

Anterior

Limbic

36
Q

Generally, what is the function of a multimodal association area?

A

Multimodal Association Areas - receive inputs from multiple sensory areas and send outputs to multiple areas

Allow us to give meaning to information received, store information in memory, tie information to previous experiences, and decide on actions

Where sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious – and make us who we are

Broadly divided into 3 parts – anterior association area, posterior association area, and limbic association area

37
Q

Anterior Association Area (Function)

A

Also called the “prefrontal cortex”

The most complicated cortical region

Involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

Contains the working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning

Development happens slowly and depends on feedback from social environments

38
Q

Posterior Association Area (Function)

A

Large region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

Plays a role in recognizing patterns, faces, and localizing the body within space

Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s Area)

39
Q

Limbic Association Area (Function)

A

Involves the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus

Provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us – and helps us to establish memories

40
Q

What are some symptoms of disruption in the anterior association area? How about posterior?

A

Anterior - may cause mental and personality disorders including loss of judgment, attentiveness, and inhibitions

Posterior - may result in disassociating with half of the body - the half opposite the side of the lesion

41
Q

What does cerebral dominance mean? Most humans are _______ side dominant. This means that most humans are _________ handed.

A

Cerebral Dominance - refers to which hemisphere is dominant for language

Left sided dominance

Most humans are right handedness

42
Q

List some functions of the left hemisphere. List some functions of the right hemisphere.

A

The left hemisphere controls language, math and logic

The right hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills

43
Q

Cerebral white matter is mostly bundled into large ___________.

A

tracts

44
Q

Which direction do association fibers run? What kind of communication are they responsible for?

A

Association Fibers - horizontal running fibers – connect different parts of the same hemisphere

45
Q

Which direction do commissural fibers run? What kind of communication are they responsible for?

A

Commissural Fibers - horizontal running fibers that connect corresponding gray matter of the two hemispheres

46
Q

What is the largest of the commissural fiber tracts?

A

Corpus Callosum

47
Q

Which direction do projection fibers run? What kind of communication are they responsible for?

A

Projection Fibers - vertical running fibers that connect the hemispheres with the lower brain or spinal cord

48
Q

What is the internal capsule? What is the corona radiata?

A

Internal Capsule - projection fibers on each side of the brain stem form a compact band that passes between the thalamus and some of the basal nuclei

Corona Radiata - projection fibers that fan out and radiate through the cerebral white matter to the cortex

49
Q

List 3 specific parts of the basal nuclei/basal ganglia

A

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

50
Q

The striatum is made of the ______________ + the _________________.

A

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

51
Q

What are some functions of the basal nuclei? How does these functions correlate with the symptoms of Parkinson Disease?

A

It plays roles in motor function, emotion, and cognition

It is especially useful in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of relatively slow or stereotyped movements

It also inhibits antagonistic or unnecessary movements

52
Q

What is the likely cause of Parkinson disease? What is a medication that can temporarily alleviate Parkinsonian symptoms?

A

Parkinson Disease is the degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra

Dopamine-deprived basal nuclei become overactive

Medication L-Dopa can alleviate symptoms temporarily

Anatomy Exam 4 (7 decks)

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