Central Nervous System Anatomy (Exam II) Flashcards
What structure is denoted by 1 on the picture?
Precentral Gyrus
What structure is denoted by 2 on the image?
Central Sulcus
What structure is denoted by 3 on the image?
Post Central Gyrus
What structure is denoted by 5 on the image?
Cerebellum
What structure is denoted by 6 in the image below?
Medulla Oblongata
What structure is denoted by 7 on the image below?
Pons
What structure is denoted by 8 in the image below?
Temporal Lobe
What structure is denoted by 9 in the image below?
The Temporolateral Sulcus
What structure is denoted by purple line on the image below?
The Longitudinal Fissure
What structure is denoted by the blue outline on the image below?
The olfactory cranial nerve (CN 1)
What structure is indicated by the red outline in the image below?
The optic nerve
What structure is denoted by the orange line on the figure below?
The left temporal fissure
What structure is denoted by the pink outline in the image below?
Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
What structure is indicated by the green outline in the figure below?
Mesencephalon (or Midbrain)
What structure is indicated by 6 on the image below?
Diencephalon
What structure of the brain is being indicated by 7 on the image below?
White matter
What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?
The cerebral cortex (aka gray matter)
What structure is indicated by 1 on the image below?
Cingulate Gyrus
What structure is indicated by 2 on the image below?
Pineal Gland
What structure is indicated by 4 on the image below?
Cerebellum
What structure is indicated by 5 on the image below?
Medulla Oblongata
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
Pons
What structure is indicated by 7 on the image below?
Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?
Hypothalamus
What structure is indicated by 9 on the image below? Which side of the brain does this structure belong on?
Corpus Callosum.
The corpus callosum connects the left and right sides of the brain.
What structure is denoted by 1 on the image below? What two regions does this structure divide?
The Central Sulcus. Motor and Somato-sensory regions.
What region is indicated by 2 on the image below?
The somato-sensory region
What region is indicated by 3 on the image below?
PAA (Posterior Association Area)
Visual-Auditory-Spatial coordination of body with surroundings region
What region is indicated by 4 on the image below?
Visual processing region (visuals of words also processed here)
What region is indicated by 5 on the image below?
Vision Region
What region is indicated by 6 on the image below?
Naming of objects region
What region is indicated by 7 on the image below?
Wernicke’s area; language comprehension and intelligence.
What region is indicated by 8 on the image below? What area is just barely posterior and superior to this area?
Limbic Association Area
Behavior, emotions, and motivation region
What region is indicated by 9 on the image below? What lobe is this located in? Why is that important?
Broca’s area; word formation.
Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe. Decision making regarding what words to say occurs in the front lobe because you have to “think before you speak”.
What region is indicated by 10 on the image below?
The frontal lobe; planning complex movements, and elaboration of thought.
What region is indicated by 1 on the figure below?
The Telencephalon
What region is indicated by the 2 in the figure below?
The Diencephalon
What region is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?
The midbrain (mesencephalon)
What direction does information travel in the blue shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
Ascending spinal tracts (PNS → CNS)
Sensory information is carried
These are afferent
What direction does information travel in the red/orange shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
These are descending spinal tracts (CNS → PNS)
Motor information
These are efferent
What anatomical feature is depicted by 1 on the figure below?
Afferent nuclei of the gray matter
What anatomical feature is depicted by 2 on the figure below?
Efferent nuclei of the gray matter
What anatomical feature is depicted by 3 on the figure below? What information does this structure carry?
Anterior horn of the gray matter
Motor
What anatomical feature is depicted by 4 on the figure below? What information is carried by this structure?
Lateral horn of the gray matter
Visceromotor
What anatomical feature is depicted by 5 on the figure below? What information is carried by this structure?
Posterior horn of the gray matter
Sensory
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow in the figure below? What does this structure do?
The central canal of the spinal cord. This structure carries CSF throughout the cord.
What structure is indicated by the green box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
- Lamina X (10)
- This structure is the “crossover” point of the spinal cord. Similar to the Corpus Callosum of the Brain.
What structure is indicated by the pink box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
Anterior White Commissure (This is a crossover for communication between left and right sides of the CNS).
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below?
Posterior Rootlets
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
Posterior Root Ganglion
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
Spinal Nerve
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Anterior root
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Rootlets
What structure is indicated by 1 on this figure?
Vertebral Body
What structure is indicated by 2 on this figure?
Superior Articular Process
What structure is indicated by 4 on this figure?
Transverse Process
What structure is indicated by 5 on this figure?
Spinous Process
What structure is indicated by 6 on this figure?
Inferior Articular Facet
What structure is indicated by 7 on this figure?
Inferior Articular Process
What Vertebrae is listed here? What structure is held via various ligaments to the spot denoted by 1?
C1 (Atlas)
The Dens Process
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
The Posterior Arch
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
The Posterior Tubercle
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Anterior Arch
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Tubercle
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
Facet for Dens
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Superior Articular Facet
What is the name of the structure indicated in the picture below? What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure?
C2 (Axis)
The Dens Process
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Inferior Articular Facet of the Axis
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
The Transverse Foramen of the Axis
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Superior articular facet of the Axis
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Anterior Articular Facet of the Dens
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
This structure runs the length of the spinal cord, adding strength and stability to the vertebral bodies.
What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below? What sets this ligament apart from the other spinous ligaments? What procedure involves this ligament?
Ligamenta Flava
This ligament is stretchy and made of elastin as opposed to collagen.
Epidurals pierce this ligament to reach the epidural space of the spinal cord.
What structure is indicated by the 3 on the figure below?
Interspinous ligaments
What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?
Intertransverse Ligaments
What structure is indicated by the 5 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?
Apical Ligament of the Dens
What structure is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?
Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament
What structure is indicated by the 10 on the figure below?
Nuchal Ligaments
What opening being depicted from left to right below? Is this possible in the Thoracic vertebrae? Why or why not?
Opening of the Interlaminar Foramen by spinal flexion
This is difficult in the thoracic vertebrae because of their long, down-angled spinous processes.
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below? What is this structure the dividing line for?
The Sacral Promontory
The abdominal cavity is above and the pelvic cavity is below.
What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below?
The superior articular process of the sacrum
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is indicated by these structures?
Transverse Lines of the Sacrum
This is where the vertebrae were prior to fusion
What structures are indicated by 4 in the figure below? What should be known about these structures?
These are the Anterior Sacral Foramina
The spinal nerves that come out here (anteriorly) are larger than the ones that exit posteriorly
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What is “housed” in this structure?
The Sacral Canal
Cauda Equina
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
The Lateral Sacral Crest
What structure is indicated by the 6 below?
Median Sacral Crest
What structure is indicated by the 7 below?
Medial Sacral Crest
What structure is indicated by the 8 below? Which two structures fuse to form this? What comes out of this structure? Knowing all of this what is important to know about this structure for anesthesia?
Sacral Hiatus
S5 and Cocc1 fuse to form this
Coccygeal nerves exit here
Anesthetics can be given here to block lower body innervation
What structures are indicated by the 9 below? Can these be palpated? What happens with applied pressure to these points?
Sacral Cornua
Rarely can they be palpated
If palpable, applied pressure will cause legs to “tingle” or go numb
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about these structures?
Posterior sacral foramina
The spinal nerves that exit here are smaller than the ones that exit anteriorly.
What structure is indicated by the 12 below?
Lateral part of sacral wing
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? If a line was drawn between this structure on the identical structure on the right, what landmark would be indicated?
Iliac Crest
A line drawn from crest-to-crest would sit right on the L4 vertebral body.
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? How does this structure differ in adults and newborns?
The Coccyx
Adults have Cocc 1 and 2 (Cocc 2 is Cocc 2,3,4 fusion)
Newborns have Cocc 1 - 4 with 2,3,4 unfused.
What structure is indicated by the 3 below?
Posterior-Superior Iliac Spines
There is a red triangle in the figure below, what concept important in associated with this imaginary triangle?
By locating the left and right Posterior-Superior Iliac Spines, we can form an imaginary triangle to located the Sacral Hiatus for access.
What structure is indicated by the 1 below?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
What structure is indicated by the 2 below?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
Pubic Symphysis
What structure is indicated by the 8 below?
Pubic Tubercle
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? Where does this structure terminate?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Around the base of the coccyx
What structure is indicated by the 2 below?
Iliolumbar Ligament
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about this ligament? Where at the attachments for this ligament?
Inguinal Ligament
This ligament is palpable even in obese patients
This ligament connects the anterior-superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
What ligament is represented by 1 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
What ligament is represented by the 3 below? What structure is this ligament connected to superiorly?
Iliolumbar ligament
Transverse process of the L4 vertebrae
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? Where is it stronger?
Anulus Fibrosus
Stronger anteriorly
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What is it’s purpose?
Nucleus Pulposus
Gel-like providing shock absorption and flexibility
What structure is indicated by the 3 below?
Hyaline Cartilage End-Plate
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
Intervertebral body surface
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What should be known about the anterior of this structure?
Anterior Anulus Fibrosus
It is much stronger than the Posterior Anulus Fibrosus
What pathophysiology is indicated below? Why do these usually occur postero-laterally?
Disc Herniation (Nucleus pulposus herniation out of anulus fibrosus) with impinged nerve
The anulus fibrosus is weaker postero-laterally.
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Cauda Equina
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? Where does this structure terminate in relation to the spinal vertebrae?
Spinal Cord Conus Medullaris
The spinal cord ends around the L1 vertebrae
A spinal needles is inserted into the spinal column as indicated by 3 in the figure below. Why is this procedure done in this location?
The needle for spinal access is away from the spinal cord and is instead around the area of the cauda equina which move out of the way of the needle (hopefully).
Where is the needle being inserted for sacral anesthesia indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Sacral Hiatus
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What two things should be known about this structure?
Pia Mater
Pia Mater actually touches nervous tissue (essentially inseparable from neurons of cord)
Pia Mater lies below the large blood vessels
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below? What 3 things should be known about this structure?
The Arachnoid Mater
- Superficial to larger blood vessels with CSF in between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- Connected to dura with very little space in between dura and arachnoid.
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below? What two things should be known about this structure?
The Dura Mater of the spinal cord
- The dura mater is the outermost and strongest layer
- The dura mater has no space in between it and the arachnoid mater
What is shown by the 6 on the figure below?
Termination of the Spinal Meninges ending around the spinal nerve
What space is indicated by 1 below? What 2 things inhabit this space? What are considerations if this space is accessed?
Epidural space
- Adipose Tissue - Could absorb drug and prolong effects
- Epidural Veins - Could bleed or transport drug elsewhere
What space is indicated by 2 in the figure below? What inhabits this space?
Subarachnoid space
CSF
What space is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
Arachnoid Mater
What space is indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Spinal Dura Mater
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
The Cauda Equina
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Anterior Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
Spinal Dura Mater
What structure is indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Dural Sac
What structure is shown in 1 on the figure below? Why is the spinal cord thicker here?
C3 - C6 Cervical Enlargement
Heavy Innervation to upper body (especially hands)
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Dural Sac Termination
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is the name of the space inside this structure?
Dural Sac (space inside is Lumbar Cistern)
What is the concept being shown with images 1 and 2?
The difference between the Conus Medularis (CM) in an adult at L1 and the CM in a newborn at L2).
What should be known about the 15o midline approach for spinal/epidural access?
- Some people have incomplete fusion of ligamentum flava, so no elastin “pop” occurs meaning you can access too deep into the cord.
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Dural Sac termination
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Filum Terminale Externa
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Filum Terminale Interna
What structure is denoted by 2 on the figure below? What is the purpose of this structure? What lies underneath?
Tentorium Cerebelli
Rigid shelf for occipital lobe
Cerebellum lies underneath
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
This is where Arachnoid Granulations are located.
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Arachnoid Granulations
If ICP > 10cmH2O then CSF will drain into venous system.
This is where CSF is dumped into venous drainage
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below? Where are these structures located, what cells compose these structures, and what is their purpose?
Choroid Plexus
Located in all 4 ventricles with ependymal cells that make CSF
What structure is indicated by 10 on the figure below? What structure drains into this one?
The Cerebellomedullary Cistern
Median aperture of the 4th ventricle drains here
What structure is indicated by 11 on the figure below?
Median Aperture (Foramen of Magendie)
Exit point for CSF to circulate around posterior of brain
What concept is indicated by 12 on the figure below?
Cisterna Magnum Foramen
CSF could technically be accessed here in the cerebellomedullary cistern by someone brave enough to try.
What concept is indicated by 14 on the figure below?
A very small amount of CSF will drain here into the vertebral venous system
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (connection point for V3 and V4)
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
Left Lateral Ventricle
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Median Aperture of the 4th Ventricle (or Foramen of Magendie)
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Central Canal
What structure is indicated by 10 on the figure below? What is important about this structure?
The Left Lateral Recess of the 4th Ventricle
The Lateral aperture located at the tip of this structure is a point where CSF flows out to circulate around the brain.
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
The two Foramen of Monroe
This is where CSF flows from the two lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle.
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
The 3rd ventricle
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Posterior Horn of the Left Ventricle
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Inferior Horn of the Left Ventricle
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Anterior Horn of the Left Ventricle
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below? What is the hole at the end of this structure called?
The Left Lateral Recess of the 4th ventricle
Left Foramen of Luschka (Left Lateral Aperture)
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Anterior Communicating Artery
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Internal Carotid Artery (Left)
What structure is indicated by 3 below? What large artery precedes this one?
- Middle Cerebral Artery
- Internal Carotid Artery
What structures are indicated by 4 below?
Posterior Communicating Arteries
What structure is indicated by 7 below?
Superior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 8 below? On which structure does this artery sit? What two arteries converge to form this one?
- Basilar Artery
- Pons
- Left and Right Vertebral Arteries
What structure is indicated by 11 below? What is the importance of this structure? Where does this structure sit?
- The Right Vertebral Artery
- This structure perfuses the posterior of the brain
- The two vertebral arteries sit on the brainstem
What structure is indicated by 12 below?
PosteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 13 below?
AnteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 15 below?
Precommunicating (P1) of the Posterior Cerebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 16 below?
Postcommunicating (P2) of the Posterior Cerebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 17 below?
Precommunicating (A1) of the Anterior Cerebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 18 below?
Postcommunicating (A2) of the Anterior Cerebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 19 below? What makes up this artery? Where does its blood flow come from?
- Anterior Cerebral Artery
- A1 and A2
- Middle Cerebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Basilar Artery
What structure is indicated by 3 below?
AnteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 4 below?
PosteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
What structure is indicated by 5 below?
Vertebral Artery
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Carotid Artery
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
External Carotid Artery
What structure is indicated by 3 below? What is interesting to note about where the vertebral artery enters the vertebrae here?
Vertebral Artery
The artery enters at C6 and skips C7
What structure is indicated by 4 below? What important structures would this artery feed?
Internal Carotid Artery
The front and middle of the brain
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Confluence of Sinuses
What structure is indicated by 3 below?
Right Transverse Sinus
What structure is indicated by 4 below? What ligament is attached here?
Occipital Protuberance
Nuchal Ligament
What is the significance of the ridge designated by the number 6 below?
This Nuchal Ridge is where the rest of the nuchal ligament connects to the cranium
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
What structure is indicated by 3 below? Which two structures come together to empty into this one?
Straight Sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus + Great Cerebral Vein
What structure is indicated by 3 below? Where does this blood flow come from?
Cavernous Sinus
Venous drainage from eyes and frontal lobe
What structure is indicated by 4 below?
Jugular Foramen
What structure is indicated by 5 below?
Sigmoid Sinus
What structure is indicated by 6 below?
Transverse Sinus
What structure is indicated by 9 below?
Straight Sinus
What structure is indicated by 7 below?
Confluence of Sinuses
What structure is indicated by 8 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
What information is carried by the pathways denoted by blue? Is this information descending/ascending? Efferent/Afferent?
Sensory
Afferent / Ascending
What information is carried by the pathways denoted by red? Is this information descending/ascending? Efferent/Afferent?
Motor
Efferent / Descending
What is indicated by 10 on the figure below?
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
What is indicated by 11 on the figure below?
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
What structure is noted by 1 below?
How many of these are there?
How much of the spinal cord is perfused by these?
- Posterior Spinal Artery
- Two
- 25%
What structure is noted by 2 below?
Where does the blood flow from these come from?
Vasocorona
Posterior Spinal Arteries
What structures are noted by 3 & 4 below?
What is another name for these?
Anterior/Posterior Segmental Medullary Arteries
Radicular Arteries
What structure is noted by 5 below?
What is the name of the fissure that this artery runs in?
What percent of blood flow to the spinal cord flows from here?
- Anterior Spinal Artery
- Anterior Median Fissure
- 75% of Blood Flow
What structure is noted by 1 below?
Vertebral Arteries
