Central Nervous System Anatomy (Exam II) Flashcards
1
Q
What structure is denoted by 1 on the picture?
A
Precentral Gyrus
2
Q
What structure is denoted by 2 on the image?
A
Central Sulcus
3
Q
What structure is denoted by 3 on the image?
A
Post Central Gyrus
4
Q
What structure is denoted by 5 on the image?
A
Cerebellum
5
Q
What structure is denoted by 6 in the image below?
A
Medulla Oblongata
6
Q
What structure is denoted by 7 on the image below?
A
Pons
7
Q
What structure is denoted by 8 in the image below?
A
Temporal Lobe
8
Q
What structure is denoted by 9 in the image below?
A
The Temporolateral Sulcus
9
Q
What structure is denoted by purple line on the image below?
A
The Longitudinal Fissure
10
Q
What structure is denoted by the blue outline on the image below?
A
The olfactory cranial nerve (CN 1)
11
Q
What structure is indicated by the red outline in the image below?
A
The optic nerve
12
Q
What structure is denoted by the orange line on the figure below?
A
The left temporal fissure
13
Q
What structure is denoted by the pink outline in the image below?
A
Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
14
Q
What structure is indicated by the green outline in the figure below?
A
Mesencephalon (or Midbrain)
15
Q
What structure is indicated by 6 on the image below?
A
Diencephalon
16
Q
What structure of the brain is being indicated by 7 on the image below?
A
White matter
17
Q
What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?
A
The cerebral cortex (aka gray matter)
18
Q
What structure is indicated by 1 on the image below?
A
Cingulate Gyrus
19
Q
What structure is indicated by 2 on the image below?
A
Pineal Gland
20
Q
What structure is indicated by 4 on the image below?
A
Cerebellum
21
Q
What structure is indicated by 5 on the image below?
A
Medulla Oblongata
22
Q
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
A
Pons
23
Q
What structure is indicated by 7 on the image below?
A
Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
24
Q
What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?
A
Hypothalamus
25
What structure is indicated by 9 on the image below? Which side of the brain does this structure belong on?
Corpus Callosum.
The corpus callosum connects the left and right sides of the brain.
26
What structure is denoted by 1 on the image below? What two regions does this structure divide?
The Central Sulcus. Motor and Somato-sensory regions.
27
What region is indicated by 2 on the image below?
The somato-sensory region
28
What region is indicated by 3 on the image below?
PAA (Posterior Association Area)
Visual-Auditory-Spatial coordination of body with surroundings region
29
What region is indicated by 4 on the image below?
Visual processing region (visuals of words also processed here)
30
What region is indicated by 5 on the image below?
Vision Region
31
What region is indicated by 6 on the image below?
Naming of objects region
32
What region is indicated by 7 on the image below?
Wernicke's area; language comprehension and intelligence.
33
What region is indicated by 8 on the image below? What area is just barely posterior and superior to this area?
Limbic Association Area
Behavior, emotions, and motivation region
34
What region is indicated by 9 on the image below? What lobe is this located in? Why is that important?
Broca's area; word formation.
Broca's area is in the frontal lobe. Decision making regarding what words to say occurs in the front lobe because you have to “think before you speak”.
35
What region is indicated by 10 on the image below?
The frontal lobe; planning complex movements, and elaboration of thought.
36
What region is indicated by 1 on the figure below?
The Telencephalon
37
What region is indicated by the 2 in the figure below?
The Diencephalon
38
What region is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?
The midbrain (mesencephalon)
39
What direction does information travel in the blue shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
Ascending spinal tracts (PNS → CNS)
Sensory information is carried
These are afferent
40
What direction does information travel in the red/orange shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
These are descending spinal tracts (CNS → PNS)
Motor information
These are efferent
41
What anatomical feature is depicted by 1 on the figure below?
Afferent nuclei of the gray matter
42
What anatomical feature is depicted by 2 on the figure below?
Efferent nuclei of the gray matter
43
What anatomical feature is depicted by 3 on the figure below? What information does this structure carry?
Anterior horn of the gray matter
Motor
44
What anatomical feature is depicted by 4 on the figure below? What information is carried by this structure?
Lateral horn of the gray matter
Visceromotor
45
What anatomical feature is depicted by 5 on the figure below? What information is carried by this structure?
Posterior horn of the gray matter
Sensory
46
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow in the figure below? What does this structure do?
The central canal of the spinal cord. This structure carries CSF throughout the cord.
47
What structure is indicated by the green box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
* Lamina X (10)
* This structure is the “crossover” point of the spinal cord. Similar to the Corpus Callosum of the Brain.
48
What structure is indicated by the pink box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
Anterior White Commissure (This is a crossover for communication between left and right sides of the CNS).
49
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below?
Posterior Rootlets
50
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
Posterior Root Ganglion
51
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
Spinal Nerve
52
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Anterior root
53
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Rootlets
54
What structure is indicated by 1 on this figure?
Vertebral Body
55
What structure is indicated by 2 on this figure?
Superior Articular Process
56
What structure is indicated by 4 on this figure?
Transverse Process
57
What structure is indicated by 5 on this figure?
Spinous Process
58
What structure is indicated by 6 on this figure?
Inferior Articular Facet
59
What structure is indicated by 7 on this figure?
Inferior Articular Process
60
What Vertebrae is listed here? What structure is held via various ligaments to the spot denoted by 1?
C1 (Atlas)
The Dens Process
61
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
The Posterior Arch
62
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
The Posterior Tubercle
63
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Anterior Arch
64
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Tubercle
65
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
Facet for Dens
66
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Superior Articular Facet
67
What is the name of the structure indicated in the picture below? What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure?
C2 (Axis)
The Dens Process
68
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Inferior Articular Facet of the Axis
69
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
The Transverse Foramen of the Axis
70
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Superior articular facet of the Axis
71
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Anterior Articular Facet of the Dens
72
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
This structure runs the length of the spinal cord, adding strength and stability to the vertebral bodies.
73
What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below? What sets this ligament apart from the other spinous ligaments? What procedure involves this ligament?
Ligamenta Flava
This ligament is stretchy and made of elastin as opposed to collagen.
Epidurals pierce this ligament to reach the epidural space of the spinal cord.
74
What structure is indicated by the 3 on the figure below?
Interspinous ligaments
75
What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?
Intertransverse Ligaments
76
What structure is indicated by the 5 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
77
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
78
What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?
Apical Ligament of the Dens
79
What structure is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?
Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament
80
What structure is indicated by the 10 on the figure below?
Nuchal Ligaments
81
What opening being depicted from left to right below? Is this possible in the Thoracic vertebrae? Why or why not?
Opening of the Interlaminar Foramen by spinal flexion
This is difficult in the thoracic vertebrae because of their long, down-angled spinous processes.
82
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below? What is this structure the dividing line for?
The Sacral Promontory
The abdominal cavity is above and the pelvic cavity is below.
83
What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below?
The superior articular process of the sacrum
84
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is indicated by these structures?
Transverse Lines of the Sacrum
This is where the vertebrae were prior to fusion
85
What structures are indicated by 4 in the figure below? What should be known about these structures?
These are the Anterior Sacral Foramina
The spinal nerves that come out here (anteriorly) are larger than the ones that exit posteriorly
86
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What is “housed" in this structure?
The Sacral Canal
Cauda Equina
87
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
The Lateral Sacral Crest
88
What structure is indicated by the 6 below?
Median Sacral Crest
89
What structure is indicated by the 7 below?
Medial Sacral Crest
90
What structure is indicated by the 8 below? Which two structures fuse to form this? What comes out of this structure? Knowing all of this what is important to know about this structure for anesthesia?
Sacral Hiatus
S5 and Cocc1 fuse to form this
Coccygeal nerves exit here
Anesthetics can be given here to block lower body innervation
91
What structures are indicated by the 9 below? Can these be palpated? What happens with applied pressure to these points?
Sacral Cornua
Rarely can they be palpated
If palpable, applied pressure will cause legs to “tingle” or go numb
92
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about these structures?
Posterior sacral foramina
The spinal nerves that exit here are smaller than the ones that exit anteriorly.
93
What structure is indicated by the 12 below?
Lateral part of sacral wing
94
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? If a line was drawn between this structure on the identical structure on the right, what landmark would be indicated?
Iliac Crest
A line drawn from crest-to-crest would sit right on the L4 vertebral body.
95
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? How does this structure differ in adults and newborns?
The Coccyx
Adults have Cocc 1 and 2 (Cocc 2 is Cocc 2,3,4 fusion)
Newborns have Cocc 1 - 4 with 2,3,4 unfused.
96
What structure is indicated by the 3 below?
Posterior-Superior Iliac Spines
97
There is a red triangle in the figure below, what concept important in associated with this imaginary triangle?
By locating the left and right Posterior-Superior Iliac Spines, we can form an imaginary triangle to located the Sacral Hiatus for access.
98
What structure is indicated by the 1 below?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
99
What structure is indicated by the 2 below?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
100
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
Pubic Symphysis
101
What structure is indicated by the 8 below?
Pubic Tubercle
102
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? Where does this structure terminate?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Around the base of the coccyx
103
What structure is indicated by the 2 below?
Iliolumbar Ligament
104
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about this ligament? Where at the attachments for this ligament?
Inguinal Ligament
This ligament is palpable even in obese patients
This ligament connects the anterior-superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
105
What ligament is represented by 1 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
106
What ligament is represented by the 3 below? What structure is this ligament connected to superiorly?
Iliolumbar ligament
Transverse process of the L4 vertebrae
107
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? Where is it stronger?
Anulus Fibrosus
Stronger anteriorly
108
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What is it's purpose?
Nucleus Pulposus
Gel-like providing shock absorption and flexibility
109
What structure is indicated by the 3 below?
Hyaline Cartilage End-Plate
110
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
Intervertebral body surface
111
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What should be known about the anterior of this structure?
Anterior Anulus Fibrosus
It is much stronger than the Posterior Anulus Fibrosus
112
What pathophysiology is indicated below? Why do these usually occur postero-laterally?
Disc Herniation (Nucleus pulposus herniation out of anulus fibrosus) with impinged nerve
The anulus fibrosus is weaker postero-laterally.
113
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Cauda Equina
114
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? Where does this structure terminate in relation to the spinal vertebrae?
Spinal Cord Conus Medullaris
The spinal cord ends around the L1 vertebrae
115
A spinal needles is inserted into the spinal column as indicated by 3 in the figure below. Why is this procedure done in this location?
The needle for spinal access is away from the spinal cord and is instead around the area of the cauda equina which move out of the way of the needle (hopefully).
116
Where is the needle being inserted for sacral anesthesia indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Sacral Hiatus
117
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What two things should be known about this structure?
Pia Mater
Pia Mater actually touches nervous tissue (essentially inseparable from neurons of cord)
Pia Mater lies below the large blood vessels
118
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below? What 3 things should be known about this structure?
The Arachnoid Mater
1. Superficial to larger blood vessels with CSF in between arachnoid mater and pia mater
2. Connected to dura with very little space in between dura and arachnoid.
119
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below? What two things should be known about this structure?
The Dura Mater of the spinal cord
1. The dura mater is the outermost and strongest layer
2. The dura mater has no space in between it and the arachnoid mater
120
What is shown by the 6 on the figure below?
Termination of the Spinal Meninges ending around the spinal nerve
121
What space is indicated by 1 below? What 2 things inhabit this space? What are considerations if this space is accessed?
Epidural space
1. Adipose Tissue - Could absorb drug and prolong effects
2. Epidural Veins - Could bleed or transport drug elsewhere
122
What space is indicated by 2 in the figure below? What inhabits this space?
Subarachnoid space
CSF
123
What space is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
Arachnoid Mater
124
What space is indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Spinal Dura Mater
125
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
The Cauda Equina
126
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Anterior Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus
127
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
Spinal Dura Mater
128
What structure is indicated by 4 in the figure below?
Dural Sac
129
What structure is shown in 1 on the figure below? Why is the spinal cord thicker here?
C3 - C6 Cervical Enlargement
Heavy Innervation to upper body **(especially hands)**
130
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Dural Sac Termination
131
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is the name of the space inside this structure?
Dural Sac (space inside is Lumbar Cistern)
132
What is the concept being shown with images 1 and 2?
The difference between the Conus Medularis (CM) in an adult at L1 and the CM in a newborn at L2).
133
What should be known about the 15o midline approach for spinal/epidural access?
1. Some people have incomplete fusion of ligamentum flava, so no elastin “pop” occurs meaning you can access too deep into the cord.
134
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Dural Sac termination
135
What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
Filum Terminale Externa
136
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
Filum Terminale Interna
137
What structure is denoted by 2 on the figure below? What is the purpose of this structure? What lies underneath?
Tentorium Cerebelli
Rigid shelf for occipital lobe
Cerebellum lies underneath
138
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
This is where Arachnoid Granulations are located.
139
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Arachnoid Granulations
If ICP \> 10cmH2O then CSF will drain into venous system.
This is where CSF is dumped into venous drainage
140
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below? Where are these structures located, what cells compose these structures, and what is their purpose?
Choroid Plexus
Located in all 4 ventricles with ependymal cells that make CSF
141
What structure is indicated by 10 on the figure below? What structure drains into this one?
The Cerebellomedullary Cistern
Median aperture of the 4th ventricle drains here
142
What structure is indicated by 11 on the figure below?
Median Aperture (Foramen of Magendie)
Exit point for CSF to circulate around posterior of brain
143
What concept is indicated by 12 on the figure below?
Cisterna Magnum Foramen
CSF could technically be accessed here in the cerebellomedullary cistern by someone brave enough to try.
144
What concept is indicated by 14 on the figure below?
A very small amount of CSF will drain here into the vertebral venous system
145
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (connection point for V3 and V4)
146
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
Left Lateral Ventricle
147
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Median Aperture of the 4th Ventricle (or Foramen of Magendie)
148
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Central Canal
149
What structure is indicated by 10 on the figure below? What is important about this structure?
The Left Lateral Recess of the 4th Ventricle
The Lateral aperture located at the tip of this structure is a point where CSF flows out to circulate around the brain.
150
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
The two Foramen of Monroe
This is where CSF flows from the two lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle.
151
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
The 3rd ventricle
152
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
153
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Posterior Horn of the Left Ventricle
154
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Inferior Horn of the Left Ventricle
155
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Anterior Horn of the Left Ventricle
156
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below? What is the hole at the end of this structure called?
The Left Lateral Recess of the 4th ventricle
Left Foramen of Luschka (Left Lateral Aperture)
157
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Anterior Communicating Artery
158
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Internal Carotid Artery (Left)
159
What structure is indicated by 3 below? What large artery precedes this one?
* Middle Cerebral Artery
* Internal Carotid Artery
160
What structures are indicated by 4 below?
Posterior Communicating Arteries
161
What structure is indicated by 7 below?
Superior Cerebellar Artery
162
What structure is indicated by 8 below? On which structure does this artery sit? What two arteries converge to form this one?
* Basilar Artery
* Pons
* Left and Right Vertebral Arteries
163
What structure is indicated by 11 below? What is the importance of this structure? Where does this structure sit?
* The Right Vertebral Artery
* This structure perfuses the posterior of the brain
* The two vertebral arteries sit on the brainstem
164
What structure is indicated by 12 below?
PosteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
165
What structure is indicated by 13 below?
AnteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
166
What structure is indicated by 15 below?
Precommunicating (P1) of the Posterior Cerebral Artery
167
What structure is indicated by 16 below?
Postcommunicating (P2) of the Posterior Cerebral Artery
168
What structure is indicated by 17 below?
Precommunicating (A1) of the Anterior Cerebral Artery
169
What structure is indicated by 18 below?
Postcommunicating (A2) of the Anterior Cerebral Artery
170
What structure is indicated by 19 below? What makes up this artery? Where does its blood flow come from?
* Anterior Cerebral Artery
* A1 and A2
* Middle Cerebral Artery
171
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Cerebellar Artery
172
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Basilar Artery
173
What structure is indicated by 3 below?
AnteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
174
What structure is indicated by 4 below?
PosteroInferior Cerebellar Artery
175
What structure is indicated by 5 below?
Vertebral Artery
176
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Carotid Artery
177
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
External Carotid Artery
178
What structure is indicated by 3 below? What is interesting to note about where the vertebral artery enters the vertebrae here?
Vertebral Artery
The artery enters at C6 and skips C7
179
What structure is indicated by 4 below? What important structures would this artery feed?
Internal Carotid Artery
The front and middle of the brain
180
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
181
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Confluence of Sinuses
182
What structure is indicated by 3 below?
Right Transverse Sinus
183
What structure is indicated by 4 below? What ligament is attached here?
Occipital Protuberance
Nuchal Ligament
184
What is the significance of the ridge designated by the number 6 below?
This Nuchal Ridge is where the rest of the nuchal ligament connects to the cranium
185
What structure is indicated by 2 below?
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
186
What structure is indicated by 1 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
187
What structure is indicated by 3 below? Which two structures come together to empty into this one?
Straight Sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus + Great Cerebral Vein
188
What structure is indicated by 3 below? Where does this blood flow come from?
Cavernous Sinus
Venous drainage from eyes and frontal lobe
189
What structure is indicated by 4 below?
Jugular Foramen
190
What structure is indicated by 5 below?
Sigmoid Sinus
191
What structure is indicated by 6 below?
Transverse Sinus
192
What structure is indicated by 9 below?
Straight Sinus
193
What structure is indicated by 7 below?
Confluence of Sinuses
194
What structure is indicated by 8 below?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
195
What information is carried by the pathways denoted by blue? Is this information descending/ascending? Efferent/Afferent?
Sensory
Afferent / Ascending
196
What information is carried by the pathways denoted by red? Is this information descending/ascending? Efferent/Afferent?
Motor
Efferent / Descending
197
What is indicated by 10 on the figure below?
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
198
What is indicated by 11 on the figure below?
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
199
What structure is noted by 1 below?
How many of these are there?
How much of the spinal cord is perfused by these?
* Posterior Spinal Artery
* Two
* 25%
200
What structure is noted by 2 below?
Where does the blood flow from these come from?
Vasocorona
Posterior Spinal Arteries
201
What structures are noted by 3 & 4 below?
What is another name for these?
Anterior/Posterior Segmental Medullary Arteries
Radicular Arteries
202
What structure is noted by 5 below?
What is the name of the fissure that this artery runs in?
What percent of blood flow to the spinal cord flows from here?
* Anterior Spinal Artery
* Anterior Median Fissure
* 75% of Blood Flow
203
What structure is noted by 1 below?
Vertebral Arteries
204
What 3 arteries feed the posterior spinal arteries?
1. Vertebral Arteries 2. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery 3. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
205
