Central Nervous System Flashcards
epidural hematoma
rupture of a meningeal artery caused by a blow to the head, and the blood is retained by the dura mater
subdural hematoma
rupture of a cerebral sinus at the top of the skull that is caused by sudden movement of the head (car accident, shaken baby syndrome) that leads to blood in the CSF
subarachnoid hematoma
rupture of a cerebral artery caused by an aneurism deep within the brain and leads to blood in the CSF
What separates the cerebellar and cerebral hemispheres?
Tentorium Cerebelli
What might have you observed in the patient if the blood clot had become a thrombi-embolus that blocked a segment of the left middle cerebral artery?
Difficulties in understanding spoken and written language
Loss of control of left hand, difficulty moving the muscles on the left side of his face and generating non-sensible sounds would be best described at was neurological deficit?
a) neurons located in the medial aspect of the longitudinal fissure of the left primary cortex have been stunned by an ischemic event
b) a blood clot in the right internal carotid artery has disrupted blood flow to the right cerebral hemisphere
c) bilateral destruction of Broca’s area has occurred
d) a blood clot has likely formed in the right middle cerebral artery
e) damage has occurred to neutrons in the left basal ganglia
d) A blood clot has likely formed in the right middle cerebral artery
ischemic event
blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot
broca’s area
damage done with a lesion to the middle cerebral artery - production of speech would be affected - words would be there but they would be slurred and not understandable.
stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery
Effects the face and hands on opposite side
stroke affecting the anterior cerebral artery
Effects the lower limb on the opposite side
damage to basal ganglia
Since the basal ganglia is responsible for initiating, coordinating and stopping movements, damage to this would lead to Parkinson’s disease
Stroke caused by an aneurysm of the right anterior cerebral artery would cause a person to display what signs?
a) bilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression
b) unilateral loss of sensation in the lower legs and feet
c) bilateral sensory and motor loss in the upper limbs
d) unilateral loss of motor function in the lower limbs
e) loss of sensation in the anterior aspect of the trunk
b) unilateral loss of sensation in the lower legs and feet
d) unilateral loss of motor function in the lower limbs
Wernicke’s area
located in the temporal lobe of the brain, and lesions would affect a person’s ability to understand speech
Damage to hippocampus would cause?
inability to store memories, but able to recall memories
Damage to cerebral cortex regarding memory
Inability to recall memories
Limbic system
Responsible for memory and emotion
A 6 year old male child has behavioural problems including difficulty making friends, lack of appreciation for other’s pain or sorrow, lack of respect for space boundaries, reduced eye contact and observation of other’s facial expression, and inappropriate reactions to facial expressions would all be caused by an enlargement of the
a) frontal cortex
b) amygdala
c) hippocampus
d) caudate nucleus
e) parietal lobe association cortex
a) amygdala
CNI
Olfactory Nerve
CNII
Optic Nerve
CNIII
Oculomotor Nerve
CNIV
Trochlear Nerve
CNV
Trigeminal Nerve
CNVI
Abducens Nerve
Reticular Formation
Responsible for alertness, consciousness, sleep and arousal
Substantia Nigra
releases dopamine and controls the flow of information through the basal nuclei
red nucleus
descending tract of the spinal cord responsible for automatic flexion movements in the limb
Ataxi
disease of medial cerebellum (axial) that affects a person’s ability to maintain balance
Intention Tremor
disease of lateral cerebellum (appendicular) that affects the ‘end point’ of an action, and since its contralateral the affects are on the other side of the body
oculomotor palsy
damage to CNIII with symptoms of drooping eyelids, with eyeball in the abducted position
trochlear palsy
damage to the CN IV with symptoms of strange rotation of the eyeball
Abducens Palsy
damage to the CN VI with symptoms of eye in adducted eye position since the CNIII is unopposed
Patient presents with an asymmetrical face. He has had a recent past history of middle ear infections leading to mastoiditis. When asked to ‘make a face’ his left eyelid does not close. This suggests a lesion to what nerve?
CN V - trigeminal
monocular blindness
one effect is blind, caused by a lesion before optic chiasm
bitemporal hemianopia
loss of temporal vision to both eyes due to damage to the optic chiasm
homonymous hemianopia
loss of visual field in same part of eye due to damage to the optic nerve after the optic chaism
far sighted with age
after the age of 40, lens fibres get stuck in the far-sighted position so words appear blurry in paper
glaucoma
increase of intraocular pressure - aqueous humour produced by cilia epithelium cells and is drained into the trabecular meshwork into the circular canal of scheme to rejoin venous circulation
7 year old patient with severe pain in her ear, is crying, and has had a bad cold for the past 3 days, with a stuffy nose, coughing and sneezing and has been diagnosed with a middle ear infection. The infection would have likely spread to her middle ear through the _________ ?
Auditory tube
What does the round window accomplish?
a) collects sound from the external auditory meatus
b) converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses
c) equalizes pressure between the middle and outer ear
d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli
e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani
e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani
What does the oval window accomplish?
a) collects sound from the external auditory meatus
b) converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses
c) equalizes pressure between the middle and outer ear
d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli
e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani
d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli
tensor tympani muscle
reduces sounds of ass eating
stapedius muscle
prevents loud sounds from entering
fibres detecting high pitch noises
located in the proximal cochlear duct since they are shortest
fibres detecting low pitch noises
located in the distal cochlear duct since they are longest
