Central Nervous System

Question 1

epidural hematoma

Answer 1

rupture of a meningeal artery caused by a blow to the head, and the blood is retained by the dura mater

Question 2

subdural hematoma

Answer 2

rupture of a cerebral sinus at the top of the skull that is caused by sudden movement of the head (car accident, shaken baby syndrome) that leads to blood in the CSF

Question 3

subarachnoid hematoma

Answer 3

rupture of a cerebral artery caused by an aneurism deep within the brain and leads to blood in the CSF

Question 4

What separates the cerebellar and cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 4

Tentorium Cerebelli

Question 5

What might have you observed in the patient if the blood clot had become a thrombi-embolus that blocked a segment of the left middle cerebral artery?

Answer 5

Difficulties in understanding spoken and written language

Question 6

Loss of control of left hand, difficulty moving the muscles on the left side of his face and generating non-sensible sounds would be best described at was neurological deficit?

a) neurons located in the medial aspect of the longitudinal fissure of the left primary cortex have been stunned by an ischemic event
b) a blood clot in the right internal carotid artery has disrupted blood flow to the right cerebral hemisphere
c) bilateral destruction of Broca’s area has occurred
d) a blood clot has likely formed in the right middle cerebral artery
e) damage has occurred to neutrons in the left basal ganglia

Answer 6

d) A blood clot has likely formed in the right middle cerebral artery

Question 7

ischemic event

Answer 7

blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot

Question 8

broca’s area

Answer 8

damage done with a lesion to the middle cerebral artery - production of speech would be affected - words would be there but they would be slurred and not understandable.

Question 9

stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery

Answer 9

Effects the face and hands on opposite side

Question 10

stroke affecting the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 10

Effects the lower limb on the opposite side

Question 11

damage to basal ganglia

Answer 11

Since the basal ganglia is responsible for initiating, coordinating and stopping movements, damage to this would lead to Parkinson’s disease

Question 12

Stroke caused by an aneurysm of the right anterior cerebral artery would cause a person to display what signs?

a) bilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression
b) unilateral loss of sensation in the lower legs and feet
c) bilateral sensory and motor loss in the upper limbs
d) unilateral loss of motor function in the lower limbs
e) loss of sensation in the anterior aspect of the trunk

Answer 12

b) unilateral loss of sensation in the lower legs and feet

d) unilateral loss of motor function in the lower limbs

Question 13

Wernicke’s area

Answer 13

located in the temporal lobe of the brain, and lesions would affect a person’s ability to understand speech

Question 14

Damage to hippocampus would cause?

Answer 14

inability to store memories, but able to recall memories

Question 15

Damage to cerebral cortex regarding memory

Answer 15

Inability to recall memories

Question 16

Limbic system

Answer 16

Responsible for memory and emotion

Question 17

A 6 year old male child has behavioural problems including difficulty making friends, lack of appreciation for other’s pain or sorrow, lack of respect for space boundaries, reduced eye contact and observation of other’s facial expression, and inappropriate reactions to facial expressions would all be caused by an enlargement of the

a) frontal cortex
b) amygdala
c) hippocampus
d) caudate nucleus
e) parietal lobe association cortex

Answer 17

a) amygdala

Question 18

CNI

Answer 18

Olfactory Nerve

Question 19

CNII

Answer 19

Optic Nerve

Question 20

CNIII

Answer 20

Oculomotor Nerve

Question 21

CNIV

Answer 21

Trochlear Nerve

Question 22

CNV

Answer 22

Trigeminal Nerve

Question 23

CNVI

Answer 23

Abducens Nerve

Question 24

Reticular Formation

Answer 24

Responsible for alertness, consciousness, sleep and arousal

Question 25

Substantia Nigra

Answer 25

releases dopamine and controls the flow of information through the basal nuclei

Question 26

red nucleus

Answer 26

descending tract of the spinal cord responsible for automatic flexion movements in the limb

Question 27

Ataxi

Answer 27

disease of medial cerebellum (axial) that affects a person’s ability to maintain balance

Question 28

Intention Tremor

Answer 28

disease of lateral cerebellum (appendicular) that affects the ‘end point’ of an action, and since its contralateral the affects are on the other side of the body

Question 29

oculomotor palsy

Answer 29

damage to CNIII with symptoms of drooping eyelids, with eyeball in the abducted position

Question 30

trochlear palsy

Answer 30

damage to the CN IV with symptoms of strange rotation of the eyeball

Question 31

Abducens Palsy

Answer 31

damage to the CN VI with symptoms of eye in adducted eye position since the CNIII is unopposed

Question 32

Patient presents with an asymmetrical face. He has had a recent past history of middle ear infections leading to mastoiditis. When asked to ‘make a face’ his left eyelid does not close. This suggests a lesion to what nerve?

Answer 32

CN V - trigeminal

Question 33

monocular blindness

Answer 33

one effect is blind, caused by a lesion before optic chiasm

Question 34

bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 34

loss of temporal vision to both eyes due to damage to the optic chiasm

Question 35

homonymous hemianopia

Answer 35

loss of visual field in same part of eye due to damage to the optic nerve after the optic chaism

Question 36

far sighted with age

Answer 36

after the age of 40, lens fibres get stuck in the far-sighted position so words appear blurry in paper

Question 37

glaucoma

Answer 37

increase of intraocular pressure - aqueous humour produced by cilia epithelium cells and is drained into the trabecular meshwork into the circular canal of scheme to rejoin venous circulation

Question 38

7 year old patient with severe pain in her ear, is crying, and has had a bad cold for the past 3 days, with a stuffy nose, coughing and sneezing and has been diagnosed with a middle ear infection. The infection would have likely spread to her middle ear through the _________ ?

Answer 38

Auditory tube

Question 39

What does the round window accomplish?

a) collects sound from the external auditory meatus
b) converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses
c) equalizes pressure between the middle and outer ear
d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli
e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani

Answer 39

e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani

Question 40

What does the oval window accomplish?

a) collects sound from the external auditory meatus
b) converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses
c) equalizes pressure between the middle and outer ear
d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli
e) releases vibration pressure in the scala tympani

Answer 40

d) transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli

Question 41

tensor tympani muscle

Answer 41

reduces sounds of ass eating

Question 42

stapedius muscle

Answer 42

prevents loud sounds from entering

Question 43

fibres detecting high pitch noises

Answer 43

located in the proximal cochlear duct since they are shortest

Question 44

fibres detecting low pitch noises

Answer 44

located in the distal cochlear duct since they are longest