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Sem 3 Anatomy II > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 embryological regions of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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2
Q

What is within the forebrain region?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon

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3
Q

What is within the Hinbrain region?

A

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

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4
Q

What is the difference between the cerebrum and the cerebellum and which parts of the 3 brain regions are they located in?

A

The cerebellum is found underneath the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) in the hindbrain region.

The cerebrum is a larger part of the brain split into two hemispheres in the forebrain region.

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5
Q

What separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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6
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Corpus callosum

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7
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Conscious thought processes
  2. Intellectual function
  3. Memory storage processing and retrieval
  4. conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contraction regulation
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8
Q

What is the cerebrum surface layer called?
The folds of the cerebrum are called ___.
The folds are separated by fissures called ___.

A

Cortex
Gyri
Sulci

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9
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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10
Q

Where is the central sulcus (fissure) located?

A

Runs down the middle of the lateral surface of the brain between the frontal and pariatal lobes.

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11
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus located?

A

On the lateral hemisphere of the brain that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

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12
Q

Where is the primary motor area located and what is its function?

A

It is located on the pre-central gyrus in front of the central sulcus and it controls voluntary movement.

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13
Q

Where is the primary sensory area located and what is its function?

A

On the post-central gyrus behind the central sulcus and its function is to receive and interpret sensations

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14
Q

Where is the primary auditory area located and what is its function?

A

Located on superior temporal gyrus just below the lateral sulcus.
Its function is to receive and interpret sound.

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15
Q

Where is the Motor speech ( Broca’s) area located and what is its function?

A

Above the lateral sulcus on the left side of the brain.
It controls movements involved in speech.

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16
Q

Where is the Motor speech ( Broca’s) area located and what is its function?

A

Above the lateral sulcus on the left side of the brain.
It controls movements involved in speech.

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17
Q

Where is wernicke’s area located?

A

In the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus of the left side of the brain.
Involved in comprehension of speech.

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18
Q

Where is wernicke’s area located and its function?

A

In the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus of the left side of the brain.
Involved in comprehension of speech.

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19
Q

Where is the primary visual area located and what is its function?

A

Located on the posterior pole of the occipital lobe around the calcarine sulcus.
It’s function is to receive visual impressions.

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordinate complex somatic motor movements
Maintain balance with postural muscles
Refine learned movement patterns

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21
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain stem from superior to inferior?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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22
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Processing and relay centre between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Has reflex centres associated with respiratory and cardiovascular functions.

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23
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

A relay and processing centre

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24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Hormone production
Emotional control

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25
Q

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

2 internal carotid arteries
2 vertebral arteries

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26
Q

Which arteries anastomose on the inferior surface of the brain to form the Circle of Willis?

A
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27
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery pass through?

A

Neck → cranial cavity → canvernous venous sinus → optic chiasma

28
Q

What does it divide into?

A

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

29
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries pass through?

A

Foramina in transverse process of C6 → Neck → cranial cavity through foramen magnum

30
Q

Vertebral arteries join together to form the ___

A

Basilar artery

31
Q

What makes up the circle of willis

A
32
Q

The classic diagram of the Circle of Willis makes up roughly __% of the world population.

A

35

33
Q

What is the function of the Circle of Willis

A

Collateral circulation of blood if one part becomes blocked/narrowed
Avoid ischaemia

34
Q

How is cerebral blood flow autoregulated?

A

Decrease in cerebral blood flow cause arterial dilation from vasoactive substances

Cerebral smooth muscles in arterioles constrict when pressure increases

35
Q

What are the 2 types of strokes?

A

Ischaemic - blood clot blocks supply
Haemorrhagic - weakened blood vessel bursts

36
Q

What would happen if there was a loss of blood supply in the anterior cerebral region?

A

Incontinence due to loss of control of:

  1. Primary motor cortex for lower limb
  2. perineum (muscular area between the anus and genitals) of contralateral side
37
Q

What would happen if there was a loss of blood supply in the Middle cerebral region?

A

Loss of sensation and motor function in the body except for lower limb and perineum.

Can affect how someone speaks and their ability to understand speech as this region supplies blood to the Broca’s and Wenicke’s areas

38
Q

What would happen if there was a loss of blood supply in the posterior cerebral region?

A

Visual field defects - supplies primary visual cortex
Memory loss - supplies hippocampus

39
Q

What are the 3 meninges of the brain?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

40
Q

What is the function of the Dura mater

A
41
Q

What are the layers of the Dura mater

A
42
Q

What are the reflections of the dura mater?

A

Falx cerebri
Diaphragma sellae
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch

43
Q

What is between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?
What is its function?

A 
The venous sinuses
Receive tributaries (veins) from the brain, skull bones, orbit and internal ear.
44
Q

Intracranial haemorrhages can be either:

A

Extradural - outside the dura mater

Subdural - between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

45
Q

Intracranial haemorrhage can be caused by____ and ____ _____ ______. If they are extradural they can raise _____ _______. A subdural haemorrhage is tearing of the veins as they enter the ________ _____ ___. A subarachnoid haemorrhage is caused by a leakage/rupture of the ____ __ ____.

A

Intracranial haemorrhage can be caused by Trauma and Cerebral vascular lesions. If they are extradural they can raise Intracranial pressure. A subdural haemorrhage is tearing of the veins as they enter the Superior sagittal sinus. A subarachnoid haemorrhage is caused by a leakage/rupture of the Circle of Willis.

46
Q

What is the ventricular system of the brain and its function?

A

A cerbrospinal fluid filled central passageway that extends along th espinal cord (central canal) and brain.

Provides a protective cushion.

Transports nutrients and waste

47
Q

What makes up the lateral ventricle?

A

Body

Anterior horn

Posterior horn

Inferior horn

48
Q

Label the diagram

A

Anterior horn

49
Q

Label the diagram

A

Body

50
Q

Label the diagram

A

Inferior Horn

51
Q

Label the diagram

A

Interventricular foramen

52
Q

Label the diagram

A

Posterior horn

53
Q

Label the diagram

A

3rd Ventricle

54
Q

Label the diagram

A

Cerebral aqueduct

55
Q

Label the diagram

A

4th Ventricle

56
Q

What forms the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The Choroid plexus

(in red)

57
Q

Where does the CSF travel?

A

Subarachnoid space through 3 foramina of the 4th ventricle

Circulates over the surface of the cerebral hemisphere and down the spinal cord

enters bloodstream through arachnoid villi into dural venous sinus

57
Q

Where does the CSF travel?

A

Subarachnoid space through 3 foramina of the 4th ventricle

Circulates over the surface of the cerebral hemisphere and down the spinal cord

enters bloodstream through arachnoid villi into dural venous sinus

58
Q

What is the function of the CSF?

A

Remove waste products of neuronal activity

Fluid cushion for protection

59
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Overproduction of CSF or blockage in the ventricular system which increases CSF amounts.

Increase in pressure forces unfused cranial bones apart in a neonatal skull - causes cranial abnormalities and neurological complications

In an adult, it increases intracranial pressure - dangerous

59
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Overproduction of CSF or blockage in the ventricular system which increases CSF amounts.

Increase in pressure forces unfused cranial bones apart in a neonatal skull - causes cranial abnormalities and neurological complications

In an adult, it increases intracranial pressure - dangerous

60
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

A shunt drains CSF from the ventricular system into a body cavity where it can be reabsorbed.

61
Q

Olfactory Nerve - Cranial Nerve I

A
62
Q

Optic nerve - Cranial Nerve II

A
63
Q

Vagus nerve - Cranial nerve X

A

Sem 3 Anatomy II (5 decks)

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