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Biology 2 > Central Dogma (Until Transcription) > Flashcards

Central Dogma (Until Transcription) Flashcards

1
Q

equals to ‘colored’

A

chroma

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2
Q

equals to ‘body’

A

soma

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3
Q

also known as body cells

A

somatic cells

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4
Q

organizes very long strands of DNA and ensures accurate DNA transfer during cell division

A

chromosome

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5
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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6
Q

what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

autosomes / somatic cells

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7
Q

last pair of chromosome (chromosome 23) is called?

A

allosome / sex cells

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8
Q

long arm of the chromosome

A

Q arm

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9
Q

short arm of the chromosome

A

P arm

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10
Q

specialized DNA that joins the sister chromatids together

A

centromere

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11
Q

protection of the ends of the arms

A

telomeres

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12
Q

proteins that helps coil chromatin and always clumps to 8

A

histones

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13
Q

3 processes in central dogma?

A

replication, transcription, translation

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14
Q

3 products in central dogma?

A

DNA, RNA / mRNA, Protein

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15
Q

type of chromosome imaging

A

karyotyping

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16
Q

meaning of ‘karyo’’

A

nucleus

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17
Q

three strands on chromosome 21, commonly known as down syndrome

A

trisomy

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18
Q

basic unit of heredity, sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

A

genes

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19
Q

consist of 23 amino acids, order of nucleotide in a gene and codes for a specific polypeptide chain. contains: 5 carbon sugar, 1 phosphate group, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

A

nucleotide sequence

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20
Q

type of amino acids not made by the body and obtained through eating or drinking supplements (9 amino acids)

A

essential amino acids

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21
Q

type of amino acids naturally made in the body

A

non-essential amino acids

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22
Q

series of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

codon

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23
Q

nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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24
Q

nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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25
nitrogenous bases that are larger and have a two-ring structure (adenine and guanine)
purines
26
nitrogenous bases that are smaller and only have a single ring structure (thymine and cytosine)
pyrimidine
27
goal of dna replication?
replicate, reproduce, duplicate, recreate
28
during replication, 3 billion nucleotides must be assembled properly (and rapidly)
gene mutation
29
substitution, deletion/insertion that will result to possible change in physical make up of an organism
DNA repair enzyme
30
the 'straightener' of DNA strands
topoisomerase
31
unzipper of the nitrogenous base, separates hydrogen bonds
helicase
32
point where the splitting starts
replication fork
33
makes sure old strands do not interact or coils again
single strands binding protein
34
moves in the 3' to 5' direction and is continuous
leading strand
35
moves in the 5' to 3' direction and is discontinuous
lagging strand
36
enzymes creates the primer that is required at the replication fork
DNA primase
37
starting point for DNA synthesis
DNA primer
38
able to make a new strand and adds matching nucleotides, moves in the leading strand direction and proofreads
DNA polymerase
39
short synthesized DNA fragments on the lagging strand
Okazaki Fragments
40
seals down the gaps/ glue-ing enzyme
ligase
41
repair of DNA damage
nucleotide excision
42
the one that repairs DNA damage
nuclease
43
body's protection against foreign elements
antibody
44
catalyzes reactions
enzyme
45
transmits signals
messenger
46
structure and support for cells
structural
47
binds and carries atoms and small molecule
transport/storage
48
a process wherein genetic information is utilized to create functional genetic products
gene expression
49
synthesis of an RNA strand (mRNA) from a DNA template
transcription
50
sequence of the three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid
codon
51
start codon
AUG (methionine)
52
stop codon
UAG, UAA & UGA
53
what are the 9 essential amino acids?
phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan
54
DNA molecule unwinds and separates forming a small open complex, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of template strand
Initiation
55
enzyme that does everything in transcription
RNA Polymerase
56
initiator and moves upstream (5' to 3')
promoter
57
indicates where a genetic sequence can be decoded
TATA box
58
second process of transcription
elongation
59
skills of RNA polymerase
initiates transcription, helicase and DNA polymerase in one, proofreading, coding, termination recognition
60
matches the mRNA sequence
coding strand
61
blueprint strand
template strand
62
third process of transcription
termination
63
protein "Rho" disrupts the complex involving the template strand, RNA polymerase and RNA
rho-dependent termination
64
loop forms causing detachment
rho-independent termination
65
from pre-RNA to mature RNA
splicing
66
(noncoding) are removed
introns
67
(coding) are joined together
exons
68
larger complex of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles which assemble with pre-mRNA to achieve RNA splicing
spliceosome
69
direct the precise splicing of messenger RNA
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles
70
spliceosomes consist of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites
RNA processing
71
catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA
ribozymes
72
any process, other than splicing, results in a change in the sequence of RNA transcripts such that it differs from the sequence of DNA template, and may generate precise point mutations
RNA Editing / Editing
73
two types of rna editing
base modification (deaminase)/ Substitution and insertion/deletion
74
significant project in 2003
Human Genome Project (2003)
75
what is a ‘genome’?
the whole genetic material of a specimen
76
how many pairs of chromosome do dogs have?
39 pairs
77
how many pairs of chromosome do plants have?
12 chromosome pairs
78
how many pairs of chromosome do fruit flies have?
4 chromosome pairs

Biology 2 (1 decks)

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