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Biology 2 > Central Dogma (Until Transcription) > Flashcards

Central Dogma (Until Transcription) Flashcards

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1
Q

equals to ‘colored’

A

chroma

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2
Q

equals to ‘body’

A

soma

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3
Q

also known as body cells

A

somatic cells

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4
Q

organizes very long strands of DNA and ensures accurate DNA transfer during cell division

A

chromosome

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5
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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6
Q

what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

autosomes / somatic cells

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7
Q

last pair of chromosome (chromosome 23) is called?

A

allosome / sex cells

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8
Q

long arm of the chromosome

A

Q arm

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9
Q

short arm of the chromosome

A

P arm

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10
Q

specialized DNA that joins the sister chromatids together

A

centromere

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11
Q

protection of the ends of the arms

A

telomeres

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12
Q

proteins that helps coil chromatin and always clumps to 8

A

histones

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13
Q

3 processes in central dogma?

A

replication, transcription, translation

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14
Q

3 products in central dogma?

A

DNA, RNA / mRNA, Protein

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15
Q

type of chromosome imaging

A

karyotyping

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16
Q

meaning of ‘karyo’’

A

nucleus

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17
Q

three strands on chromosome 21, commonly known as down syndrome

A

trisomy

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18
Q

basic unit of heredity, sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

A

genes

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19
Q

consist of 23 amino acids, order of nucleotide in a gene and codes for a specific polypeptide chain. contains: 5 carbon sugar, 1 phosphate group, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

A

nucleotide sequence

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20
Q

type of amino acids not made by the body and obtained through eating or drinking supplements (9 amino acids)

A

essential amino acids

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21
Q

type of amino acids naturally made in the body

A

non-essential amino acids

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22
Q

series of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

codon

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23
Q

nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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24
Q

nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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25
Q

nitrogenous bases that are larger and have a two-ring structure (adenine and guanine)

A

purines

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26
Q

nitrogenous bases that are smaller and only have a single ring structure (thymine and cytosine)

A

pyrimidine

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27
Q

goal of dna replication?

A

replicate, reproduce, duplicate, recreate

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28
Q

during replication, 3 billion nucleotides must be assembled properly (and rapidly)

A

gene mutation

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29
Q

substitution, deletion/insertion that will result to possible change in physical make up of an organism

A

DNA repair enzyme

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30
Q

the ‘straightener’ of DNA strands

A

topoisomerase

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31
Q

unzipper of the nitrogenous base, separates hydrogen bonds

A

helicase

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32
Q

point where the splitting starts

A

replication fork

33
Q

makes sure old strands do not interact or coils again

A

single strands binding protein

34
Q

moves in the 3’ to 5’ direction and is continuous

A

leading strand

35
Q

moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction and is discontinuous

A

lagging strand

36
Q

enzymes creates the primer that is required at the replication fork

A

DNA primase

37
Q

starting point for DNA synthesis

A

DNA primer

38
Q

able to make a new strand and adds matching nucleotides, moves in the leading strand direction and proofreads

A

DNA polymerase

39
Q

short synthesized DNA fragments on the lagging strand

A

Okazaki Fragments

40
Q

seals down the gaps/ glue-ing enzyme

A

ligase

41
Q

repair of DNA damage

A

nucleotide excision

42
Q

the one that repairs DNA damage

A

nuclease

43
Q

body’s protection against foreign elements

A

antibody

44
Q

catalyzes reactions

A

enzyme

45
Q

transmits signals

A

messenger

46
Q

structure and support for cells

A

structural

47
Q

binds and carries atoms and small molecule

A

transport/storage

48
Q

a process wherein genetic information is utilized to create functional genetic products

A

gene expression

49
Q

synthesis of an RNA strand (mRNA) from a DNA template

A

transcription

50
Q

sequence of the three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid

A

codon

51
Q

start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

52
Q

stop codon

A

UAG, UAA & UGA

53
Q

what are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan

54
Q

DNA molecule unwinds and separates forming a small open complex, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of template strand

A

Initiation

55
Q

enzyme that does everything in transcription

A

RNA Polymerase

56
Q

initiator and moves upstream (5’ to 3’)

A

promoter

57
Q

indicates where a genetic sequence can be decoded

A

TATA box

58
Q

second process of transcription

A

elongation

59
Q

skills of RNA polymerase

A

initiates transcription, helicase and DNA polymerase in one, proofreading, coding, termination recognition

60
Q

matches the mRNA sequence

A

coding strand

61
Q

blueprint strand

A

template strand

62
Q

third process of transcription

A

termination

63
Q

protein “Rho” disrupts the complex involving the template strand, RNA polymerase and RNA

A

rho-dependent termination

64
Q

loop forms causing detachment

A

rho-independent termination

65
Q

from pre-RNA to mature RNA

A

splicing

66
Q

(noncoding) are removed

A

introns

67
Q

(coding) are joined together

A

exons

68
Q

larger complex of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles which assemble with pre-mRNA to achieve RNA splicing

A

spliceosome

69
Q

direct the precise splicing of messenger RNA

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles

70
Q

spliceosomes consist of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites

A

RNA processing

71
Q

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

A

ribozymes

72
Q

any process, other than splicing, results in a change in the sequence of RNA transcripts such that it differs from the sequence of DNA template, and may generate precise point mutations

A

RNA Editing / Editing

73
Q

two types of rna editing

A

base modification (deaminase)/ Substitution and insertion/deletion

74
Q

significant project in 2003

A

Human Genome Project (2003)

75
Q

what is a ‘genome’?

A

the whole genetic material of a specimen

76
Q

how many pairs of chromosome do dogs have?

A

39 pairs

77
Q

how many pairs of chromosome do plants have?

A

12 chromosome pairs

78
Q

how many pairs of chromosome do fruit flies have?

A

4 chromosome pairs

Biology 2 (1 decks)

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