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Biol200 > central dogma of molecular biology > Flashcards

central dogma of molecular biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

A

The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein.

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2
Q

What is the process of DNA replication?

A

Making a perfect copy.

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3
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A

RNA synthesis- rewriting in a different nucleotide font

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4
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

Protein synthesis- rewriting in a different language (nucleotide vs amino acid)

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5
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Replication

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6
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

transcription

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

translation

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8
Q

What is the difference between transcription and
translation?

A

Transcription rewrites DNA in a different nucleotide
font, while translation rewrites in a different
language (nucleotide vs amino acid).

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9
Q

What 2 components contribute in the enzymatic function of ribosome?

A

protein and RNA
components

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of RNA synthesis? (How)

A

One of the two strands of the DNA double helix then acts as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule. nNTPs diffuse randomly. RNA polymerase links incoming rNTP to the
growing chain only if it forms a perfect Watson-Crick base pair with the template. The RNA chain produced by transcription is therefore elongated one nucleotide at a time.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the non-template
strand and the newly synthesized RNA strand?

A

They are both complementary to and antiparallel
with the template DNA strand, except for the
substitution of U for T.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of attack of RNA
polymerase on incoming rNTP?
Chain growth is at which end?

A

Catalyzes attack of 3’-OH on α-phosphate of incoming rNTP.
Chain growth at 3’ end

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13
Q

What is the sequence of RNA transcribed from a
region of DNA? (Corresponds to what?)

A

It corresponds to the sequence of the non-template
strand. (except for the substitution of U for T)

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14
Q

What is a transcription bubble?

A

the process of exposing the template DNA strand by local unwinding of duplex DNA by
helicase associated with RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble that moves along the DNA with RNA polymerase.

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15
Q

What is the function of helicase in RNA synthesis?

A

It is associated with RNA polymerase and helps in
local unwinding of duplex DNA to expose the
template DNA strand.

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16
Q

What happens to the original DNA duplex during
transcription?

A

After being unwound in the transcription bubble, the
original DNA duplex reforms behind RNA
polymerase as it moves unidirectionally along the
DNA

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17
Q

How does the newly-synthesized RNA strand exit
the RNA polymerase?

A

The re-forming duplex behind polymerase “kicks
out” the newly-synthesized RNA strand.

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18
Q

What is the role of promoters in transcription?

A

Certain DNA sequences called promoters facilitate
the initial binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.

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19
Q

How does transcription stop?

A

Certain DNA sequences destabilize the attachment
of RNA polymerase to the DNA as it moves.
The RNA polymerase falls off the DNA and releases
the completed RNA strand.

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20
Q

What is the template for both DNA replication and
transcription?

A

DNA

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21
Q

What are the monomers used in DNA replication?

A

dNTPs

22
Q

What are the monomers used in transcription?

A

rNTPs.

23
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for locally
unwinding the DNA duplex during DNA replication?

A

Helicase

24
Q

What is the molecule produced during transcription
that separates from the template strand?

A

Newly synthesized RNA strand.

25
Q

What is the molecule produced during DNA
replication that never separates from the template
strand?

A

Newly synthesized DNA strand.

26
Q

What is the difference in start/stop sites in transcription vs replication?

A

Transcription : Start and stop sites on template

Replication:
Start: origin of replication
no stop sites

27
Q

Is there a stop site on the template during DNA
replication?

A

No

28
Q

How many original DNA strands are template strands during DNA replication?

A

2 : both strands independently serve as template

29
Q

What is the final product of DNA replication?

A

We start with one molecule of double‐stranded
DNA and we end with two molecules of doublestranded
DNA

30
Q

How many original DNA strands are template strands during transcription?

A

only one of the original DNA strand

31
Q

What is the final product of transcription?

A

We start with one molecule of doublestranded DNA and we end with one molecule of double‐stranded DNA + the RNA molecule produced

32
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis called?

A

translation

33
Q

What are the two languages involved in protein
synthesis?

A

Nucleotides and amino acids.

34
Q

How many nucleotides are there in a codon?

A

3

35
Q

How many codons are possible?

A

64

36
Q

How do the 64 codons relate to the 20 amino acids?

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
(or most amino acids are indicated by more than one codon)

37
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The genetic code is a dictionary of 3-nucleotide
codons and their corresponding amino acids.

38
Q

What is the degeneracy of the genetic code?

A

The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that
several different codons can code for the same
amino acid.

39
Q

What are stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons that do not
code for any amino acid and signal the end of
protein synthesis.

40
Q

What is a start codon?

A

AUG is a start codon that codes for methionine and
signals the beginning of protein synthesis.

41
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transfer RNA serves as an adaptor between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

42
Q

What is the form of amino acid monomers used in
translation?

A

They are in the form of high-energy amino
acyl-tRNA esters.

43
Q

What is the function of aminoacyl tRNAs?

A

They are adaptors for transforming a nucleotide
signal into an amino acid signal.

44
Q

What is the sequence of the 3-nucleotide
anticodon?

A

It is complementary to a codon.

45
Q

What is the function of peptidyl transferase
reaction?

A

The peptidyl transferase of the ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation between the adjacent amino acids.

46
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

It is a ribonucleo-protein particle consisting of large
and small subunits.

47
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It is the template for protein synthesis.

48
Q

How does ribosome translocation occur?

A

It occurs 3 bases at a time, starting with the
initiation codon AUG.

49
Q

What determines which of the three possible
reading frames are used?

A

The position of the initiation codon AUG.

50
Q

True or False: Deletion or insertion of single a base is worse than deletion or insertion of 3 bases.
Explain.

A

True
because deletion or insertion of single a base causes a reading frame shift which changes the whole amino acid sequence following that deletion/insertion.
Whereas the deletion or insertion of 3 bases causes just one amino acid to be added/removed from the original chain.

51
Q

What is the RNA world hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that RNA evolved as an
informational biopolymer before proteins, and even
before DNA (and presumably before cells).

Biol200 (12 decks)

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